Environmental Toxicology

Prologue to Environmental Toxicology A talk by Dr Rick Leah (Long form of Notes arranged by Dr R T Leah, Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool however including material summed up and adjusted from different areas on the www*) Aims The effect of harmful synthetics on natural life and people has been of extraordinary worry throughout the previous fifty years. Tragically this is a huge, complex branch of knowledge which must be secured hastily inside the time available.However, this talk is proposed to give a prologue to major parts of how a few toxins communicate with living life forms to cause injurious impacts. The intricacy will be clarified and improved where conceivable. You ought to comprehend in any event a little about the science of key living beings and how contaminations cause harm at a physiological level. You ought to know about how contaminations can prompt change in life forms which can be utilized as a ‘biomarker’ of the nearness and activity of the poisons (despite the fact that this will shape the subject of a later talk in this course).Thus as the primary result of this talk you ought to have a valuation for the wide scope of contemporary issues that are brought about by poisonous synthetic concoctions in nature and what administrative specialists are doing to screen and control them. You ought to comprehend the principle perils that poisonous synthetic substances posture and how hazard to people and untamed life is controlled. You ought to know about the principle gatherings of toxins of contemporary concern.The material secured will be valuable for the thought of two contextual investigations on the effect of harmful synthetic concoctions in the Great Lakes of North America and the Baltic Sea in later talks. [pic] Environmental Toxicology or Ecotoxicology? [pic] Introduction It was after World War II that expanding worry about the effect of harmful synthetic concoctions on the earth drove Toxicology to grow from the inves tigation of poisonous effects of synthetic substances on man to that of harmful effects on the earth. This subject got known as Environmental Toxicology.Ecotoxicology is a moderately new order and was first characterized by Rene Truhaut in 1969. It endeavors to join two totally different subjects: nature (â€Å"the logical investigation of communications that decide the appropriation and wealth of organisms† Krebs 1985) and toxicology (â€Å"the investigation of harmful impacts of substances on living organisms†, typically man). In toxicology the life forms sets the constraint of the examination though Ecotoxicology tries to survey the effect of synthetic concoctions on people as well as on populaces and entire ecosystems.During the early years, the significant instruments of Environmental Toxicology were: recognition of poisonous deposits in the earth or in singular living beings and testing for the harmfulness of synthetic compounds on creatures other than man. It wa s nonetheless, a major hop in comprehension from an exploratory creature to an intricate, multivariate condition and the subject of ECOTOXICOLOGY created from the need to gauge and anticipate the effect of toxins on populaces, networks and entire biological systems as opposed to on individuals.There is an on-going discussion with regards to the specific degree and meaning of ecotoxicology. The least difficult definition found to date is that ecotoxicology is â€Å"the investigation of the hurtful impacts of synthetic compounds upon ecosystems† (Walker et al, 1996). An increasingly complete meaning of Ecotoxicology originates from Forbes and Forbes 1994 â€Å"the field of study which coordinates the natural and toxicological impacts of substance contaminations on populaces, networks and biological systems with the destiny (Transport, change and breakdown) of such poisons in the environment†. nd a few books have been composed as of late which talk about this in some prof undity, these include: Cairns, J Jr and Niederlehner B R (1994) Ecological Toxicity Testing. CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton Forbes, V E and Forbes T L (1994) Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice. Chapman and Hall Ecotoxicology Series 2: London. Walker C H, Hopkin S P, Sibly R M and Peakall, D B (1996) Principles of Ecotoxicology. Taylor and Francis: London There are three principle goals in ecotoxicology (Forbes and Forbes 1994): †¢ getting information for chance evaluation and ecological administration. meeting the lawful prerequisites for the turn of events and arrival of new synthetic compounds into the earth. †¢ creating experimental or hypothetical standards to improve information on the conduct and impacts of synthetic compounds in living frameworks. (More data about the featured terms utilized underneath can be found in the Definitions segment. ) In request to accomplish these targets, the fundamental regions of study are: The appropriation of POLLUTANTS in nature, their entrance, development, stockpiling and change inside the environment.The impacts of toxins on living creatures. At an individual level, TOXICANTS may upset the biochemical, atomic and physiological structure and capacity which will thusly have ramifications for the structure and capacity of networks and biological systems. At the populace level it might be conceivable to recognize changes in the quantities of people, in quality recurrence (as in opposition of bugs to bug sprays) or changes in environment work (e. g. soil nitrification) which are inferable from pollution.It might be conceivable to utilize BIOMARKERS to set up that a characteristic populace has been presented to contamination and these can give an important manual for whether a characteristic populace is in danger or needing further examination. For the reasons for the Regulation and Registration of synthetic compounds the poisonousness of individual synthetics is essentially researched by means of TOXICITY TESTING, the primary apparatus of which is the Standard Toxicity Test (STT) which as a rule tests the DOSE or CONCENTRATION of a specific concoction that is harmful to under controlled, lab conditions.Toxicity tests are for the most part done utilizing singular creatures in spite of the fact that there has been a move towards the utilization of increasingly complex frameworks known as MESOCOSMS. In certain circumstances, especially on account of pesticides, it might be conceivable to do FIELD TRIALS to survey poisonousness. Poisonousness information are utilized to make evaluations of the HAZARD and the RISK presented by a specific concoction. [pic] Significant Issues with Chemicals that have driven the improvement of Ecotoxicology [pic] 1. DDT †around the globe 2. Cadmium in Japan 3. Mercury in Japan 4. PCBs in Japan and Taiwan 5.Dioxins †different 6. The defilement of flawless conditions (eg Arctic) by barometrical vehicle of organohalogens Most laborers in the field of ecotoxico logy allude to the distribution of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) as a milestone in the public’s consciousness of likely harm to human and natural wellbeing from man-made poisonous substances. As indicated by Rodricks (1992), Carson’s book â€Å"almost without any help made present day society’s fears about manufactured synthetic concoctions in the earth and, in addition to other things, cultivated restored enthusiasm for the study of toxicology†.Certainly the combination of scholastic and related interests into the investigation of poisonous substances in the earth dates from about a similar time as the distribution of Silent Spring. Before the 1960s, there were no organized projects in research, in training or in guideline that deliberately tended to harmful substances in the earth. Significant advancement has been made in every one of these regions during the previous four decades. Destiny of synthetic compounds in nature and inside life f orms As ecotoxicologists we are worried about the development and destiny of harmful synthetic compounds at both the living being level and that of the entire ecosystem.The applicable issues are: †¢ the source, †¢ transport, †¢ alteration and †¢ last destiny of the poisons. At the living being level we should be worried about †¢ Uptake †¢ Excretion †¢ Sites of activity, digestion or capacity Toxicity testing and the guideline and arrival of poisonous synthetic substances As ecotoxicology generally emerged from toxicology and the need to direct the presentation of conceivably harmful synthetic concoctions into the earth, poisonousness testing stays fundamental to the subject today. Most poisonousness testing for toxins is as yet dependent on tests on singular life forms in counterfeit test circumstances (see rundown of models in next section).These tests are modest, solid and simple to perform yet there is a lot of discussion about the importance of numerous standard harmfulness tests to ‘real life'. At first in the beginning of natural toxicology the idea of the ‘most delicate species' was utilized to relate the consequences of poisonousness tests to the ‘real world'. Certain species in a specific network were evaluated as being ‘most touchy' to contaminations. The rationale was that on the off chance that a contamination was non-poisonous to the ‘most delicate' species then it would be ok for the remainder of the community.Essentially, this rationale remains today †the aftereffects of tests on single species, in counterfeit circumstances are extrapolated to foresee the impacts of toxins on entire networks or biological systems. It is accepted that in the event that you have enough data about the impacts of a contamination on the pieces of an environment, at that point you can gather the consequences for the entirety. There is in any case, some inquiry concerning the value of extrapolating f rom basic, exceptionally counterfeit, single-species poisonousness tests to complex, multi-variate ecosystems.Forbes and Forbes (1994) contend that â€Å"understanding and foreseeing the outcomes of toxin incited impacts on biological systems necessitates that the impacts be analyzed at the degree of interest† I. e. the populace, network or biological system. This discussion has been the wellspring of much division in ecotoxicology, between the Applied, frequently Industrial, Ecotoxicologists worried about the items of common sense of substance enlistment and testing and the Pure or Academic Ecotoxicologists who respect numerous to

Imperialsim †proper and legitimate course Essay

Have you at any point needed something since you believed you merited it? From the beginning of time individuals have needed to grow and take what they needed. It is human instinct to need things and set objectives to gain those needs. Dominion was an appropriate and genuine strategy for the U.S. Dominion is the best possible thing for America to rehearse. Reverend Josiah Strong composed Our Country expressing, â€Å"The most elevated human advancement will spread itself over the earth. â€Å"This implies that Americas are better than all the individuals who we took the place where there is. Alfred T. Mahan composed The Interest of America in Sea Power which says, â€Å"The developing creation of the nation requests it.† This implies America needs to grow to permit more individuals to buy our items. President McKinley stated, â€Å"we couldn't leave them to themselves they were unfit for self government.† This implies our method of government is such a great amount of better than theirs in our eyes that we should assume control over them to enable them to thrive. Albert Beveridge, a Republican representative from Indiana stated, â€Å"Almighty God He has checked us as His picked people.† This implies it’s our inherent option to seek after more la nd. Henry Cabot Lodge expressed â€Å"Taking Philippines doesn't damage the standards of the Declaration of Independence, yet will spread them among a people who have never known liberty.† This implies he need us to constrain opportunity on the Philippines and inevitably more individuals. Dominion is authentic and appropriate anyway a few people can't help contradicting this announcement. Congressperson George F. Hoar says â€Å"under the Declaration of Independence you can't administer an outside domain, a remote people, another individuals than your own†. This being said implies that numerous things America has done conflicts with the presentation which is outlandish. Against Imperialist League stated, we hold that the arrangement know as dominion is antagonistic to freedom and inclines toward militarism, a shrewdness from which it has been out magnificence to be free.† This is fundamentally saying that colonialism is malevolent and conflicts with freedom. Taking everything into account, Imperialism was an appropriate and authentic game-plan forâ the U.S. Government is a questionable subject that can end up being simply or not from numerous points of view. At long last if America expanded we would of squandered or genuine potential to be what we are currently. In the event that one this colonialism isn’t exactly how ever, at that point for what reason will there alternative issue on the grounds that without land there would be overpopulation and absence of regularly utilized assets.

CMOP-E Case Study Example

CMOP-E Case Study Example Mrs. B is a multi year elderly person determined to have schizophrenia. In the wake of being balanced out with drug and getting treatment, she battled with finding and keeping up work however in the long run got a new line of work as a business partner. As of late, she was alluded to see the OT in light of the fact that she was starting to feel disappointed with her activity and needed to investigate different choices. Previously, she worked 4 or multi day moves seven days; be that as it may, as of now, her boss was giving her less moves every week. Her works day were at night, which made it hard for her to invest energy with family. She felt focused on in light of the fact that her manager was anticipating that her should finish more assignments yet didn't give her sufficient time to finish them. She was likewise having relational issues with her colleagues which added to the pressure. She likewise showed that she needed to grow her informal community as she felt that she had not ma ny companions. The OT furnished her with assets that would help with professional preparation. To help with extending her group of friends, the OT gave Mrs. B with a site that associated individuals dependent on interests. Utilizing the above contextual investigation, this paper will talk about how the CMOP-E identifies with OT practice. The focal point of this paper is on the cooperation among occupation and condition. CMOP-E Models give OTs a structure to assemble data about the individual and to design mediations. The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) depends on a lot of qualities and convictions concerning occupation, individual, condition, and customer focused practice (Hagedorn, 2001). A focal develop of this model is that the customer is associated with the way toward deciding needs and arranging activity; the advisors job is to empower this procedure and empower customers to take part in occupation (Hagedorn, 2001). The CMOP is an intelligent model demonstrating connections between individual, condition, and occupation (See Figure 1, section A) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). In the CMOP, the individual, spoke to as a triangle, has three segments psychological, physical and full of feeling, with otherworldliness at the center (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The model shows that occupation associates the individual and the earth (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The key segments of occupati on incorporate self-care, efficiency and recreation (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). A basic audit of the CMOP prompted the depiction of a trans-sectional view (see Figure 1, section B) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). The trans-sectional perspective on the CMOP can be utilized to show that occupation is of focal intrigue and delimits the OTs worry with people and situations. The transverse view with occupation up front presents occupation as OTs center area of enthusiasm, demonstrating that OTs are principally worried about human occupation, and the associations with the word related individual and the word related impacts of nature; those parts of individual or condition that are not identified with occupation are past OTs scope (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23 24). OTs need to consider the genuine presentation of an occupation and the degree of significance it holds or the level of fulfillment it brings to the individual, family, gathering or association. OTs likewise need to consider the potential and opportunities for word related commitment that is permitted by the occupation-individual condition connections. CMOP is presently CMOP-E with the additional word commitment to expand the word related point of view (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 24, 28). Condition The earth in the CMOP is the setting wherein an individual performs occupations and incorporates physical, social, social, and institutional components (Cole Tufano, 2008). The physical condition incorporates common and manufactured elements. This may incorporate home, study hall, work environment, or common habitats (Cole Tufano, 2008). Social condition is made out of social gatherings, for example, family, collaborators, and network associations (Cole Tufano, 2008). The social condition is the wellspring of individual connections (Duncan, 2006). Social condition may cover with social condition and incorporate strict, ethnic, and political variables which can influence the open doors for, and boundaries to, cooperation (Cole Tufano, 2008). The institutional condition incorporates the political and social frameworks that influence the quantity of chances present and gives rules and cutoff points to a people occupations (Cole Tufano, 2008). Occupation The meaning of occupation is (excerpted from Enabling Occupation, CAOT, 1997): Occupation alludes to gatherings of exercises and assignments of regular day to day existence, named, sorted out, and given worth and significance by people and a culture. Occupation is everything individuals do to possess themselves, including taking care of themselves (self-care), getting a charge out of life (relaxation), and adding to the social and monetary texture of their networks (efficiency). (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 17) The region of self-care incorporates all the assignments an individual experiences in a day to deal with oneself. Individual consideration incorporates essential exercises of day by day living, for example, washing, dressing, or individual cleanliness. Self-care likewise incorporates instrumental exercises of day by day living, for example, planning, driving, or shopping for food (Radomski Latham, 2008). Efficiency alludes to a people monetary commitment to society through paid and unpaid work. A few instances of efficiency incorporate paid business, charitable effort, childcare, and homemaking (Radomski Latham, 2008). Relaxation is exercises that are finished intentionally, naturally propelling and for delight (Radomski Latham, 2008). Relaxation exercises may incorporate calm exercises, for example, perusing, or dynamic recreation, for example, sports, and socialization. (Randomski Latham, 2008). Application in Practice For the situation study, the cooperation between the occupations of efficiency and recreation and the earth is obvious. Mrs. Bs fulfillment in her efficiency was impacted by the social condition of her activity. Her stressed relationship with her colleague influenced her activity fulfillment and feeling of anxiety. Having time imperatives put on her by her boss to finish certain errands additionally expanded her pressure. Starts and Cooper (1999) directed an examination to explore the impact of seven occupation attributes on mental and physical wellbeing. Aftereffects of the investigation indicated that the nature of the social condition in the working environment is related with pressure. Mrs. B.s recreation was additionally influenced by her profitability and social condition. Mrs. B. had constrained time to go through with her family when she was booked to work evening shifts. Working in the nighttimes constrained her chances to meet new individuals and extend her informal organization. Relaxation is significant in light of the fact that it permits a person to have a healthy lifestyle. Research has indicated that a harmony among work and family predicts prosperity and in general personal satisfaction. (Greenhaus, Collins, Shaw, 2003) The social condition additionally influenced Mrs. Bs efficiency. Schizophrenia or psychological instabilities by their tendency need perceivability; in this way, promising the slander of people with a dysfunctional behavior (Copeland, 2009). What's more, society anticipates that these people should work. This influenced Mrs. B. since the desire set on her from society was that she ought to be working. The effect of the institutional condition on Mrs. Bs profitability is that the Government of Alberta expects people to meet certain conditions so as to be qualified for money related and wellbeing related help programs, for example, Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH) and Alberta Works. A portion of the qualification measures for AISH are: must have a serious impediment that is lasting and considerably confines capacity to procure a living, and salary or pay of living together accomplice must not surpass the cutoff points permitted under the program (Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped, AISH, n.d.). The institutional condition required Mrs. B to work since she didn't fit the bill for AISH or Alberta Works. Mrs. B.s physical workplace was not tended to; nonetheless, taking a gander at the workplace would be gainful in light of the fact that it influences a people work fulfillment. A few components that may influence work fulfillment incorporate the impact of lighting, commotion levels, and floor design and furniture format (Vischer, 2007). Cowhide, Pyrgas, Beale, and Lawrence (1998) led an investigation that inspected the immediate and backhanded impacts of windows in the work environment on work fulfillment, expectation to stop, and general prosperity. Results from the investigation demonstrated a critical direct impact for daylight infiltration on each of the three variables. Self-care was likewise not tended to by the OT; in any case, it could be presumed that it didn't affect Mrs. Bs profitability. She was seen to have dressed suitably and was all around kept. It could be expected that it was anything but an unequivocally expressed rule for Mrs. B to show legitimate self-care before taking part in profitability with the OT. Self-care is a segment that is imperative to address in efficiency on the grounds that an individual is typically cooperating with others when working or chipping in. Having the option to keep up appropriate self-care permits the person to be socially acknowledged. Appropriate self-care likewise permits the person to establish a decent first connection during prospective employee meetings and all through their time as a worker. End The CMOP-E is a hypothetical model that outlines how word related execution advances from the communications among the individual, condition, and occupation. It gives OTs a reasonable applied system for contemplating the individual all through the word related procedure. The CMOP-E with an individual at its inside, exhibits OTs customer focused practice. The utilization of the CMOP-E to Mrs. Bs contextual analysis shows the dynamic and reliant connections between all parts of enviro

Shooting Himself in the Foot How Jonathan Swifts Satirical Genius Prevents Him from Changing the World - Literature Essay Samples

Shooting Himself in the Foot: How Jonathan Swifts Satirical Genius Prevents Him from Changing the WorldSatyr is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybodys Face but their Own; which is the chief Reason for the kind of Reception it meets in the World, and that so very few are offended with it.-Jonathan SwiftSatire has had a long and illustrious history as the medium for intellectuals who find human society lacking. Vexed by human folly and vice, satirists employ sarcasm, wit, and irony to reveal the faults of the world in the hopes of inducing change. One of the most noted satirists of all time, Jonathan Swift, aimed to do just this with his work, Gullivers Travels. Throughout his lifetime, Swift was an active politician and clergyman, devoting much of his energy and writings to social issues. Although he was by no means a revolutionary, he hoped that his novel would wonderfully mend the World (Swift 14) and at the very least convince more people to adopt his ideas.History tells us that despite Swifts intentions, his story did not have as great an effect as he wanted . Certainly it was a controversial book that was simultaneously acclaimed, disparaged, and discussed extensively by both intellectuals and common folk. But it was not a work that inspired any major social or political change, at least not universally. Instead, hundreds of interpretations have accumulated over time about the meaning behind Gullivers Travels. Book IV alone has instigated endless scholarly debates and hypotheses. James Clifford recognizes these numerous interpretations and lists some of the many different takes on the Houyhnhnms of Book IV:1) a vision of prelapsarian perfection, unattainable by man(2) an unattainable ideal which man should nevertheless strive to reach, (3) an ideal limited by Swifts view of the nature of man(5) mere absence of vice, (6) one of the two opposing sides of mans nature, (7) pure reason, but not ideal, (8) cold, inhuman bei ngs, lacking Christian benevolence(12) Trojan horses designed to betray credulous mankind(90).Why does Gullivers Travels generate so many conflicting interpretations? And if Swifts satire is as keen as it is reputed to be, why didnt he become the Thomas Paine of his time? The problem lies in Swifts own style of satire; its convoluted nature, complex narration, and layers of hidden meaning render it ineffectual as a change-effecting document. It provides anything but the clear ideals and tenets needed to attract a following large enough to have any effect on sociopolitical institutions.One of Swifts most powerful, and therefore most baffling satiric devices is his use of Gulliver as the narrator of Gullivers Travels. What is it that makes this first-person narration such an interpretative nightmare? For one thing, it is unclear to what extent Gulliver represents Swifts opinions and to what extent his character is distinct from Swifts. Because Gulliver is an opinionated, colorfu l character with a detailed history different from Swifts, it is easy to conclude that they are different people with different beliefs. However, there is much evidence to indicate that Gulliver and Swift share some ideas. For example, biographical evidence leads us to the conclusion that Gullivers denunciation of certain aspects of English government was a result of bitter feelings on the part of Swift. Swift, in his lifetime, spent much time working for the Tory party and had hoped to be rewarded with a deanery or a bishopric in England (Hunting 25). Instead, he was given a deanery in Dublin, most likely due to the interference of someone who didnt appreciate Swifts previous satirical jabs. As a result, Swift felt misused by the British political system, and vents these feelings through Gulliver, who says things like Ministers of Statelearn to excel in the three principal ingredients, of insolence, lying, and bribery (Gulliver 303).If we could assume that Gullivers sentiments equaled Swifts completely, it would be easier to discern the aim of Swifts social criticism. However, it soon becomes obvious that Gulliver is not a verbatim spokesman for Swift. Rather, Gullivers opinions on English society and institutions are greatly exaggerated. He picks the very worst examples to represent groups as he talks with his master Houyhnhnm about lawyers, first Ministers, physicians, affairs of England, and the causes of war among the Princes of Europe. His tone in describing these features of English society is by no means neutral or indifferent. Consider, for example, his description of judges:[They are] picked out from the most dexterous lawyers who are grown old or lazy, and having been biassed [SIC] all their lives against truth and equity, lie under such a fatal necessity of favouring fraud, perjury, and oppression, that I have known several of them refuse a large bribe from the side where justice lay, rather than injure the Faculty by doing anything unbec oming their nature or their office(Swift 296).These strong words (fraud, perjury, oppression, lazy) and Gullivers apparent inclusion of all judges in his attack make it appear that Gulliver sees no redeeming qualities in judges and therefore has no tolerance for them.Did Swift really have such a severe opinion against judges? It is doubtful2E In fact, in a letter to Alexander Pope, Swift states that although he has ever hated all Nations professions and Communityesall [his] love is towards individualls for instance [he] hate[s] the tribe of Lawyers, but [he] love[s] Councellor such a one, Judge such a one for so with physicians (Gulliver 14). Here, Swift indicates that he can maintain respect for an individual judge while disapproving of the profession in general. Gulliver, on the other hand, never makes a distinction between individuals and groups, and never professes a love of individuals. Further evidence that Swift did not have as hopeless or hateful a view of humans as Gul liver does is another letter to Alexander Pope, in which Swift states that he does not hate Mankind, it is vous autres who hate them because you would have them reasonable Animals (Swift 14). This is certainly in opposition to Gullivers sentiments regarding mankind at the end of the novel, as the sight of his family fills him only with hatred, disgust, and contempt (Gulliver 338) and the mere smell of human beings causes him to keep his nose well-stopped with rue (Gulliver 338). As C.J. Rawson states, even if Swift is making a more moderate attack on mankind than Gulliver, Gullivers view hovers damagingly over it allthis indirection unsettles the reader, by denying him the solace of definite categories. It forbids the luxury of a well-defined stand, whether of resistance or of assent (84). Swift evidently does not share all the same views as Gulliver, but because of Swifts extensive use of exaggeration and our own lack of knowledge about many of Swifts motivations, it becomes ex tremely difficult to determine what comes from Swift, what comes from Gulliver, and what is a mixture of both.Beyond being a distorted mouthpiece for Swift, Gulliver serves yet another purpose which complicates our analysis even further. He is a character of the story himself, and thus is just as much at risk of being satirized to represent human folly. We would like to feel a sense of trust in Gulliver as our narrator; unfortunately, his actions, especially towards the end of Book IV, become ridiculous and extreme, and because of this, we begin to suspect his opinions and perceptions. Gulliver is an absurd character throughout most of Book IV, as he tries to emulate the Houyhnhnms by adopting their neighing form of speech and endures second-class citizenship merely to remain in their society. It is mostly at the end of the story though, when Gulliver rejects his familys love in disgust and spends all his time in the barn talking to his horses, that we begin doubt the wisdom, ma turity, and reliability behind Gullivers character. Do we implicitly believe the views of someone who would willingly give up all remnants of his human past including a loving family to live among overly-rational, compassionless horses? Or does Swift intend us to see Gulliver as a ridiculous, contrary character and therefore to assume the opposite of everything he says? Our previous analysis of Gullivers and Swifts relationship indicates that we can neither dismiss nor accept either of these ideas completely. Swift wants us to take some of what Gulliver says with a grain of salt but also to recognize some degree of truth in his other sentiments. However, we are not equipped with enough knowledge about Swifts opinions to know when Swift is making fun of Gulliver and when Gulliver is speaking for Swift. Once again, Swift leaves us in a hazy, gray area through his extensive use of the narrator as a satiric tool.With this ambiguous oddball for our only source, we are then exposed to two strange, fantastic societies, both riddled with contradictions. How does Swifts use of fantasy further complicate and conceal his message? Fantasy is an interesting genre in that on the surface it appears to be unrealistic or non-human, but in reality rarely avoids human conventions. Satirists can use the cover of fantasy to their advantage, by giving every unreal character a symbolic meaning intended to represent something of human society. In some ways, fantasy is the ideal forum for satirists, as they can freely criticize and make fun of the world without being accused of attacking human society. However, in the case of Gullivers Travels, these additional layers of symbolism make it even harder to determine meaning and cloud an already confusing narration.Gullivers voyage to Houyhnhnmland results in his encounter with two very different species: the intelligent, rational Houyhnhnms, and the dirty, uncivilized Yahoos. Already there are elements of juxtaposition at pla y, as Swift gives the Yahoos human form, while the rational creatures of the island resemble horses. What is the purpose of this juxtaposition? Do the Yahoos symbolize all that is immoral in humans, and the Houyhnhnms the opposite ideal? Are we supposed to feel sympathy for the species that resembles humans? Keeping in mind that Gulliver, our constant source for impressions and information about both groups, is biased, a look at both societies reveals that neither the Houyhnhnms nor the Yahoos are clear-cut symbols for one idea, but rather represent an amalgam of various different, and often contradictory, Swift sentiments.There are two conclusions that can be drawn about the Houyhnhnms and their significance: 1) they represent rationality and 2) Swift does not mean their society to be ideal. How do we know they represent rationality? Swift makes this explicit throughout all of Book IV, by statements such as [The Houyhnhnms] grand maxim is, to cultivate Reason, and to be wholl y governed by it (Gulliver 351). If there is one conclusion that can be drawn about Book IV, it is that the Houyhnhnms embody rationalism, although it is worthwhile to note, going back to Cliffords quote, that even this has been disputed. But how can we assume then that Swift doesnt endorse rationality? Unlike Swifts feelings regarding political institutions, his stance on the Enlightenment idea of humans as magnificently rational creatures is quite clear. He states in a letter to Alexander Pope that he has got Materials Towards a Treatis proving the falsity of that Definition animal rationale; and to show it should be only rationis capax (Swift 14). In other words, he concedes that humans are capable of rational thought, but argues that they should not be defined by this rationality. In another discussion of reason, Swift maintains that Although Reason were intended by Providence to govern our Passionsit seems thatGod hath intended our Passions to prevail over Reason (28). Since Swift certainly does not approve of over-rationalism and the Houyhnhnms are an overly-rational society, we are led to the conclusion that they are the very opposite of Swifts ideal.Unfortunately, the one conclusion we can draw based on fairly concrete premises is then weakened by Swift himself. Once again, Swift complicates matters by developing the Houyhnhnm society so that it has good and bad characteristics, and thereby becomes a symbol for conflicting concepts. The Houyhnhnms never lie, being so honest that the word lie is not even in their vocabulary. Swift, being a clergyman, probably approved of honesty. Here is Houyhnhnm society embodying something Swift supports. But does Swift support the idea of marriage occurring without courtship, love, presents, jointures, [or] settlements (317), being based instead on a rational decision made by parents? Considering that Swift explicitly states that no wise Man ever married from the Dictates of Reason (28), we have to assu me that he does not approve of the cold logic of Houyhnhnm marriages. To further confound our perception of Houyhnhnm society, we then learn that the Houyhnhnms never get sick, are healthy athletes, and esteem the qualities of friendship and benevolence above all else. These are generally qualities that contribute to the welfare of society. These good qualities combined with the less desirable Houyhnhnm institutions and traditions leave us with a messy array of contradictory symbols and ideas. If Swift had really wanted to convince people that humans are not, nor should be, rational animals, he would have done better creating a rational society with less admirable qualities and more undesirable institutions.An analysis of the Yahoos, the dirty, savage human animals, proves likewise confusing and ambiguous. Like the Houyhnhnms, it is unclear exactly what the Yahoos represent. Are they a symbol for mans primitive tendencies? Do they represent the end product of years of oppress ion? Our quest for the meaning of the Yahoos is primarily inhibited by Gullivers biased narration. Since we cant know precisely when Gulliver is speaking for Swift and when he is being himself, we cant make any conclusions about what Swift intends with the Yahoos. Less direct interaction occurs between Gulliver and the Yahoos than with the Houyhnhnms, so we learn less about their society; most of the information we receive about them is through Gullivers prejudiced Houyhnhnm master. Although we are repulsed by them, the Yahoos are the closest characters to real humans, and this fact remains to confuse and baffle us with regards to Swifts intent.Thus we reach an impasse, where Gullivers narration is a mixture of exaggerated Swift ideas and radical actions by Gulliver, where Houyhnhnm society is a mixture of over-rationalism and positive traits, and where the Yahoos act like animals but retain human form. Is there anyone who will argue that Gullivers Travels is a piece of cake to interpret and therefore a useful document for changing the world? Possibly. But whoever does will be hard put to find another person with the same interpretation and the same confidence in his or her understanding of Swifts contentions. And one or two people will encounter many difficulties in attempting to change the world based on a satire whose meaning few can agree on.Swift might have known all along that his book was not to be as influential as he hoped. He probably realized that the qualities of satire that render it inoffensive to many people also render it ineffectual. He knew his audience was diverse, and that some of them would be persuaded that Gulliver was a real person (Watt 48) and therefore miss out on the hidden implications. Swifts literary friends like Alexander Pope, on the other hand, would better be able to grasp the novels meaning. However, the intellectuals who were capable of delving into the subtleties of Swifts satire were few in number. Because of the complexity of Swifts satire, Gullivers Travels garnered a variety of reactions, few of which were either passionately affirmative or strongly condemning. The novel did not stir up the intense, long-lasting controversy that novels with social implications like Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin did; it did not prompt governmental reforms like Upton Sinclairs The Jungle or Rachel Carsons Silent Spring did. Is it perhaps, then, that the medium of satire in its very nature confounds the potential for the written word to enact social or political change? Not necessarily there is a whole genre of anti-war satires such as Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five that have greatly contributed to anti-war movements. But Jonathan Swift is considered one of the greatest satirists of all time, while Joseph Heller only receives nods for satirical ability. Strangely enough, the aspects of Swifts satire that make it great, its twists and turns, its layers, an d the confusion it creates in the reader, are essentially what render it powerless as a social or political tool. Swift avoids censure by many groups by disguising his real thoughts through layers of complex characters and narration, but through this his message is lost and readers are left only with a sense of conflicting ideas. This is not to say that Swift had no influence at all; there is no doubt that he provided a literary playground for centuries of scholars who recognize his genius. It is only the world that Swift hoped to mend which will not change itself to meet his hazy and veiled recommendations.

Keynesian Theory vs. Supply Side Essay example - 869 Words

Two very important economic policies that point in different directions of fiscal policy include the Keynesian economics and Supply Side economics. They are opposites on the economic policy field and were introduced in the 20th century, but are known for their influence on the economy in the United States both were being used to try and help the economy during the Great Depression. John Maynard Keynes a British economist was the founder of Keynesian economic theory. Keynesian economics is a form of demand side economics that inspires government action to increase or decrease demand and output. Classical economists had looked at the equilibrium of supply and demand for individuals, but Keynesians focuses on the economy as a whole. Keynesian†¦show more content†¦These taxes were passed from business to business and eventually to the consumer, ending with higher prices. Along with raised taxes for the working class, this effect happened because there was little encouragement to work if more was going to be taxed. Many people were also not willing to put money into savings accounts or stocks because the interest was highly taxed or had a higher interest rate. Supply side economics seemed to have worked each time it was tried throughout the past and was even used by John F. Kennedy. Keynesian’s theory of spending your way out of an issue never really worked and most likely won’t work because it contains negative effects. Supply side economics which centers on increasing overall supply that includes good and services that are produced by increasing availability of land, labor, and capital. Keynesian economics focuses on demand side economics and the multiplier effect. This is considered spending your way out of a recession. Keynes showed that the government could switch roles and become consumers during a recession and spend enough money to kick start the economy again. This is a short term policy meant to be used in a case that the United States is in such deep financial problems it would have to come to this. The main difference between the two is that one is a short tem advantage while the other takes longer. Keynesian Economics uses a tool called the multiplierShow MoreRelatedEssay about Divisions of The Field of Economics1407 Words   |  6 Pagesneeded capital expenditures using low rate loans, possible because of stimulus monetary policies, to increase market share, or acquire rivals or complementary businesses at reduced prices. Our first objective is to develop an understanding of tools, theories, and techniques used in macroeconomic analysis. These will allow us to understand how to measure economic growth, productivity, and inflation. 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Our knowledge of chemistry, and the many ways that it...

Our knowledge of chemistry, and the many ways that it surrounds us has helped us better understand the world we live in and the ways in which we can use chemistry to better our world, and improve our exploration of it. Chemistry in Astronomy: Although it may not seem like there is much use of chemistry in the world of astronomy, knowing that everything is made of the elements in one form or another, astronomy must have some use of chemicals, and surprisingly there are many. For starters what powers the International Space Station? Solar panels, and many of them. The solar panels found on the space station are made of silicon, a direct element from the periodic table, as well as phosphorus, another element. Through bonding and breaking†¦show more content†¦If one looks closely to the commonly referred topic of there being extremely large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the high level of emissions, that one person will come to the realization that these levels of carbon in the ozone have directly impacted the weather we experience on Earth’s surface. The warmer the temperature in the area that causes the weather, chances are the warmer the weather where it is presen t. An example of this is heat waves, and their impact on livestock, globally. Warmer temperatures due to excess amount of one chemical combination have led to the removal of some animals from certain areas, or even death from the extreme temperatures. Currently this has become very evident in Southern states in the United States, particularly Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas. In addition, another example of chemistry in weather is the Aurora Borealis. Better know to many as the northern lights, these lights appear in the sky during the winter evenings in the northern areas of the world, and are caused by electrically charged particles colliding with atoms in the atmosphere. Upon collision a glow is created and is strong enough to be seen on earth, another example of chemistry being present in meteorology. In conclusion, although there may not be many ways in which chemistry appears to be present in the areas around us, after a more in-depth look it very well is. And it is very simple to see the many waysShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Parker J. Palmer1975 Words   |  8 Pagesto be of service to their students. He also says that bad teachers are the ones who make themselves distant and disconnected from the class and their students. Palmer says that a teacher must have a strong sense of self before he can impart his knowledge on students, to deepen the understanding of one’s own integrity, experimentation is key. 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The Effects and Necessity of Secrecy free essay sample

The pathway to Operation Overlord The D-Day happened in Europe at the Omaha beach where many survived the attacks form the allies. The allies were interested in attacking Europe through the entry from various entries into the country. It is believed that the D-Day and Omaha beach was the hardest fought and significant victory for the Allies in the World War II. According to Ambrose, there were five beaches and the Omaha beach was the one that received the most devastating effects of the battles. During the battle many people lost their lives and others were casualties. The allies had to pay a high price with the loss of lives, especially at Omaha beach. The operations overload begun five minutes before midnight On June 5th 1944 (Gilbert 127). There are many surprises on the Omaha beach that were used during the battles of the D-Day. These were the terrain, the configuration of the ground, the length and width of the beach. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects and Necessity of Secrecy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The allies would attack especially with the dominance of the bluff that overlooks the beach used this situation of the Omaha beach. There is a concave shape of the shoreline that would permit the delivery of direct fire from three directions. There were concrete remains of the German defense with its numerous fighting positions along the bluff. The allies also considered the existence of the cliffs that flank the coast from which observers would deliver indirect fire to any location of the beach. The allies were determined to remove all the obstacles that would hinder them from attacking. The allies could stand on the bluff that overlooks the Omaha beach and visualize thousands of American soldiers and sailors on a landing craft when crossing the open stretches of the beach in daylight under enemy fire. According to Gilbert (127) the men who fought at the Omaha beach surprised with their great spirit. From midnight to dawn and many people were killed including 18000 British, American and Canadian origins. The attack at Omaha beach did not have the advantage of darkness or the overwhelming power of fire. The allies well understood that they were attacking an enemy who had an immense capability for reinforcement and counterattack. They had to have tactical surprise that a long pre landing bombing would have lost. They had to accept the risk of heavy casualties on he beaches for the prevention of heavier ones on the plateau and among the hedgerows. The landing took place at the early morning hours of the day in order to extend the effects of enemy fire and to facilitate the achievement of tactical surprise. The assault was considered to be a frontal attack that was unlikely even to have the advantage of tactical surprise. They had a task of smashing through enemy beach defenses to faci litate as far as possible the possibility by naval fire support and air bombardment. The happening of the D-Day was due to the invasion of the Europe allies. The German armies lived in Western Europe together with the forces of the Soviet Union. This regime was believed to hold most of Europe oppression and horror for the past years. The allies would invade Europe by the sea and air. The D-Day was known to be a battle between the allies and the American soldiers on the Omaha beach. The mission of the allies in this battle was to break through the coastal defenses. The allies would advance from the east then invade Germany and destroy the Nazi regime. Through this they would secure a lodgment area on Normandy whereby they would master the armed Western allies. After this they would settle in England where the aim would be to attack and destroy the German. The allies needed a plan that would be used to attack the enemies. The plan was done in secret and surprise by the use of tricks that would help trapping the enemies. The operation overload was a cross channel landing and constituted the primary task that the allies’ air effort would perform against the axis in Europe at te beginning of the D-Day (Gilbert 128-129). The victory of the D-Day was seen as decisive in a theatre of operations in the ancient years. It was also argued to be the decisive turning point in the Americas long uncertainty to achieve power in a fast change in all human aspects including politics, social and economic aspects. According to Ambrose, The D-Day is seen as a significant victory in the sense that it is viewed to be effective to the Americans in serving their interests in the Gulf war. It is also important for the Europeans due to its limitations and dangers to their country. The Europeans were not able to serve their interests in the Balkans as well as serving humanitarian interests in Somalia. The existing battles teach us on how to abide and have actual interest in their causes and effects. These battles help us to understand that it is not the number of the people killed and wounded in a fight that would determine its general historic importance. The D-Day victory was considered to have given an opinion on the outcome of the revolution. This made it possible the founding of the American Republic. The time that was given to the Nazis for the completion of the holocaust, as well as destroying the resistance movement in occupied Europe was one of the consequences of a D-Day defeat. The launching of the invasion started reducing the resistance of German communications. This would have led to the swift and brutal retaliation of the German people. Hence the rebuilding of the movement would be slow and difficult. In the first 24 hours of the D-Day the attackers decided to use clear color photographs and maps that were specially commissioned to be used in landing area and combat zones (Fowler 23-27). D-Day was seen to be a significant victory because in the end of the course the American soldier prevailed on Omaha Beach together with his allies to protect the lodgment. This led to the success of the allies for the mission that they had in mind for the war. There followed battles in the Normandy, Arnhem and Ardennes. The D-Day is seen as a significant victory in the sense that it is viewed to be effective to the Americans in serving their interests in the Gulf war. It is also important for the Europeans due to its limitations and dangers to their country. II. Situation The Nazis occupied most of the European continent. General Eisenhower was Supreme Commander of allied forces. The D-Day happened in the 1940’s the time of the Second World War. This was the time when there was a critical test of the national character since the American Revolution and the civil war. Drez (11-23) believed that the revolution led to the nation from the civil war that was a firmly united nation from the World War II. The fact is that the D-Day did not occur due to remote and infinitesimal influences. This was a time when the American leadership of the western allies was asserted unequivocally. It is believed that, this was a mantle bestowed not to be a kind gesture for the predominance of the American manpower and matters committed to the battle. Eisenhower was the supreme commander of the allied forces and had a duty to figure out a way to defeat Hitler. However, it was not an easy task for Eisenhower to defeat Hitler. The reason is that Europe was already well protected; hence it was a challenge to find the best way of defeating Hitler. III. The plan and deception of Operation Overlord It was necessary for Eisenhower to call in the top military commanders. He organized the plan and deception of operation overload. He owned ships, airplanes, troops, and supplies with which he could send to England to collect the Allied troops. These allied troops would be used to attack the enemies in the beaches. Gilbert (128) argues that it was necessary for secrecy and surprise to be used so as to ensure that the enemies are defeated. The third deception operation glimmer was a substantial air attack followed by fourth which was the largest deception operation that night. To achieve their target the military were dishonesty with their enemies. They never told them the truth about their plan of attack and they used spies to ensure the plan is well monitored. In order to trap their enemies it was necessary for the allies to use rubber tanks and trucks. The duplex drive tank was part of the firepower on which the allies would depend on to get ashore on the D-Day. The thinking that initiated the development of the duplex tank and the doctrine of its employment indicated the thinking that permeated the entire planning process. Due to the failure of the Dieppe raid brought the need of implementing a reliable amphibious tank. This tank would use a nine-foot canvas shroud containing 36 air light pillars held up by collapsible metal struts for floatation. It was possible for one to float any size vehicle no matter the tonnage as long as the shroud wrapping was high enough. At the sea the duplex tank would hung below the surface of the water. These tanks would proceed in column to within 1000 yards of the beach and land in five minutes if no underwater obstacles encountered. They would then deploy literary to attack the pillboxes and other fixed installation. The duplex drive tanks at Utah, sword, Juno and Gold beaches met with varying degrees of success. At Utah beach one duplex tank would strike an underwater mine and sink with all four Duplex drive tanks. The conditions at Utah beach were as severe as those at Omaha beach hence the performance of the tanks was better. IV. Deciding when and where to attack The allies had to plan well the attack and how it should take place with the Germans. All the allied troops were required to be alert on the progress of all the directions of attack. The planners of the Normandy invasion were energized by the magnitude of the task that confronted them. They sought new solutions to problems that had previously been identified and studied. They planned to use lies as well as spies who would spy on the areas of attack. They made the Germans to think that they were attacking at Calais and this made the Germans o relax. They were always alert to track any chance that was available to attack as fast as possible. They used a security clearance of BIGOIT and this was considered to be higher that the top secret. However it was difficult to beat Hitler because he had his own plan and ordered Rommel who would attack instead from Caen against the British bridge head (Gilbert 174). They ensured that no mail was delivered and if available to be concealed for their benefit. Also they did not allow any personal communication to take place inside or outside the camps or ships. They were very keen to keep track on the strengths and positions of the German forces. The commanders had to form a Land at Omaha since it was a necessary target for the attack. They also made a keen observation on the weather patterns for them to decide on the best time to attack. V. Points that were to be considered in launching the attack The allied troops were required to put into consideration the reports from spies before launching their attack to the Germans. The best climate was necessary for the attacks were also considered where short time period attack would be the best for clear weather. It was important to note the troop’s behavior to avoid their impatient from being confined. Also there was a need to ensure that the Germans did not discover their plans to attack. Here the troops saw it necessary to attack as soon as possible whenever a chance was available for them to attack into a springboard to launch an attack. They would also take the steps of raiding from the French coast at Houlgate by the use of eighty eight men (Gilbert 5). VI. The attack D-Day According to Ambrose, on this day the allies had to make accurate arrangements of targets from the air and sea at daylight. The development of an overwhelming fire support from all sources such as air, naval and support craft was the first essential thing to do. This would help them to cover the final stage of the approach and enable them to close the beaches. Infantry performing a forward assault in opposition to a purposeful defense in daylight won the battle for Omaha beach. It was costly to make this improvisation. The allied men were committed to hurling themselves frontal against the strongest defended areas in the assault zone. This was believed to be an act of hubris compounded by the collapse amidst the rough weather. On June 5, 1944 the Infantryman landed by gliders 5 minutes before midnight. At 14 hours General Norman Cota addressed the allied men on how to manage the attack. Cota had predicted the possibility of the allied men not achieving their targets. Ambrose added that this was not the reality that occurred then. The Americans were lying on the shore seeking cover behind obstacles of tanks and vehicles that were burning. Many were wounded and lying on the sand giving the American and German soldiers the impression of failing the assault at Omaha beach. On the early hours of the morning on the following day June 6, 1944, the allied invasion fleets arrived off the coast of Normandy. They were sixteen ships carrying the assault forces. They took up station in the transport area and right away initiated the landing processes. The transport area was far from the enemy artillery and the sea was rough. There were winds and tides that produced waves three to four feet high. This made it difficult to land the small aircraft through the web like scramble net. Soldiers had to time when jump into the craft where a mistake in timing would result to a serious injury. The operational plan for the Normandy invasion that was based on a new a hybrid doctrine was deeply flawed in numerous ways. There were five beaches that were to be attacked in Normandy. They included; the Utah beach, Sword beach, Omaha beach, Gold beach and Juno Beach. Among these five beaches, the Omaha beach was the one that received the most devastating effects of the battles. It was also the one that was most hard fought battle of Normandy (Drez 266). It was believed that the Canadian and British forces at sword, Juno and gold beaches as well as the American forces at the Utah beach fought the German forces. It they could have used the similar terrain of the quality and quantity of those at Omaha beach; they would too have suffered heavy casualties and faced the prospect of defeat. The same day warships numbering from three thousand to seven thousand were required to depart first. During the battle many people lost their lives and others were casualties. The allies were the ones who had to pay a high price with the loss of lives, especially at Omaha beach. The Germans were caught by surprise and with absolute bravery the Germans were defeated. The navy and the air force had chosen their targets on the radar site for the attack (Gilbert 110). It is evident that in the military structure of the western allies there existed a drastic shift in the balance of power. This represented the descent of Britain and the rise of the America to the highest rank in the world power. There was a disparity in forces when confronting the enemy and this was closed quickly. After five years of war, Britain was announced to have reached the limits of its resources. It was required to maintain its forces at its D-Day levels. The growth of the American forces in the theatre continued until victory was declared in Europe. The U. S ground forces were three times greater than all of the western allies united. At the eve of the D-Day that happened thirty months later the commitment of the American forces worldwide was leading. The Britain’s who had maintained its equality in partnership did no longer exist. The Second World War II in Europe ended with the immediate threat of a soviet union bound for world domination. Disaster was the price of aloofness and America had to continue leadership in the free world (Drez 266-268). VI. Conclusion /Summary In the World War II in Europe, this was a time when the D-Day took place in the 1940’s. There existed depression among the people of the country that emanated from the fist world war. The Second World War in Europe ended the depression that existed in the First World War. Eisenhower and all commanders planned the invasion as best as they could. Although all the attacks on all beaches were successful, Omaha beach suffered the most but was the most victorious. The D-Day changed the course of the war in Europe. The D-Day brought about the impact of the American Soldier to be seen as an ignorant person. The D-Day was seen to be a significant victory because in the end of the course the American soldier prevailed on Omaha Beach together with his allies to protect the lodgment. This led to the success of the allies for the mission that they had in mind for the war. The Tactical battles were not expected to fail since the entire campaign would have collapsed and the strategy for the conduct of the war might have also failed. Defeat at Omaha beach could have significantly weakened the margin for success. Each fight at Normandy was of great importance to the tactical plans of the United States and Britain.