Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment Essay

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment - Essay Example Participation in Head Start has seen more children graduate from high school to college than in previous decades. Similarly, Medicare has helped significantly decline mortality rates across all races in America. Apart from the direct benefits, safety nets are an indirect form of smart  investments in America’s economic growth because of the improved productivity and health. Even so, there are critics that see safety net programs as largely useless and counterproductive. They see the safety net programs as a disincentive for people to work, and in consequence, confine them to poverty. They encourage complacency and reliance, and reduce labor force participation.2 Despite the arguments, there is no much evidence to suggest the reduction in the labor force and laziness among recipients. In case they do, it is in a limited scale that is not comparable to the overall benefits of the programs. In the main, safety nets are beneficial because they develop the economy, support the middle  class, and lessen inequality. The invasion of Iraq was an unnecessary event that is similar to the redundant Vietnam War. The use of force in Iran is pointless and a waste of taxpayers’ money. The war on Iraq received condemnation both before and after the invasion. According to the United Nations Charter, the war is largely illegal. It results in unnecessary instability in Iraq, the Middle East, and even among a section of the American populace who do not support the war. Several deaths of innocent citizens occur because of the actions of American soldiers and their presence in the region.3 Even so, international restrictions on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programs in Iraq are necessary for the sake of safety.4 Previous occurrences such as the nuclear attack on Japan were catastrophic, similar to the September 11 terror attacks. The

Glass Castle Essay Example for Free

Glass Castle Essay However, there are some far more substantial themes and symbols taking place within the novel. These themes require a little more critical thought, and aren’t directly delivered to the reader. One of these themes being the heavy emphasis placed on the glass castle, and also metaphorically what it signifies to Jeanette and her father, Rex. Through extensive deliberation and thought, the meaning of the glass castle becomes clear. It stands for the contrast between how Jeanette views her father, and how everyone else sees him. The idea of the glass castle in itself is the idolized version of Rex that Jeanette sees, while the reality of it never being completed, represents the views that everyone else has. Throughout the novel there are multiple instances that show the strong love and trust Jeanette feels for her father. A bond that remains strong, even when other member’s of the family have lost some of that trust. This contrast of emotions can best be described through various quotes given throughout the novel. â€Å"In my mind, Dad was perfect, although he did have what mom called a bit of a drinking situation† (Walls 23). This is one of the first occasions where the reader is introduced to the contrasting feelings about Rex that members of the Walls family have. Jeannette, despite already knowing that her father has a drinking problem at a young age, still feels that her father can do no wrong. This sets the scene for how most of the book develops, Jeannette idolizing her father, despite the slight disdain visibly felt by others. â€Å"We laughed about all the kids who believed in the Santa Clause myth and got nothing but a bunch of cheap plastic toys. Years from now, when all the junk they got is broken and long forgotten,’ dad said, ‘ you’ll still have your stars† (41). This is yet another example of the strong bond developed between Rex and Jeannette. However, it is important to note this quote is delivered at a time when Rex is still in relatively good standings with the rest of the family, besides just Jeannette. On that Christmas, even though he couldn’t provide his children with material gifts, he was still able to deliver a memorable gift, which the children could cherish for the rest of their lives. I swear honey, there are times when I think you’re the only one around who still has faith in me,’ he said. ’I don’t know what I’d do if you ever lost it. ’ I told him I would never lose faith in him. And I promised myself I never would† (78-79). This quote perfectly sums up the relationship Rex had with his daughter. It also further exemplifies th e acknowledged differences between how Jeannette feels about her father, and how the rest of the family feels. Even though Rex has let Jeannette down just as many times as Lori, or Brian, she is still able to somehow see past these faults of Rex’s. Throughout this novel the character’s general feelings on Rex sway dramatically. Even Jeannette’s feelings for her father are tried at some points. Yet through everything that happens she never truly loses faith in her father. Jeannette always maintains a sense of respect and love for Rex, despite the tribulations he has brought the family through. Even up to his last moments on his deathbed, Jeannette’s positive feelings for her father remain strong. This contrasted affection between what Jeannette feels for Rex, and what everyone else thinks, is what the glass castle really signifies.

The Definition of Success :: Definition Essays 2014

"Success entails having a positive outlook and good work ethic to help you pursue your dreams and goals throughout your entire life. Success is achieving intellectual growth for your own personal enrichment. Success is making the best of the opportunities that are presented to us in order to do good things for ourselves and for those around us." – Aarron Hedlock – What is success and how can you achieve it? I’d like to to propose a new definition of success that isn’t about landing a job; it’s about believing that the job you will do is the job you should be doing. In other words, success must come from you, and the support—whether from family, professors, or career counselors—is what will help you to get there. There are some difficult steps along the way, the first of which is to know thyself. You might not be visiting the oracle at Delphi, even though having your future told might be nice in an age of endless options. As entrepreneur Bo Bennett explains: â€Å"Success is not what you have, but who you are.† Who am I? How’d I get here? Okay, Descartes, relax. There are some modern day tools that will help you bypass the existential crisis. Many of these, from Strong Interest Inventory to the StrengthsFinder, can help you gain perspective on all those hidden talents you may not have realized you had. What could be better? Are you â€Å"The Inspirer?† â€Å"The Executive?† â€Å"The Scientist?† Myers Briggs, also available at Career Services can help you find out. Of course, everyone has a pretty good sense of what they are good at. But finding out more, you might gain a language for talking about your abilities—and how that can translate into your own personal definition of success. But for anyone who has taken the SAT, you know there’s only so much multiple choice can say. The next step is getting to know you. Listen to your tendencies. Do you like risk or stability? High energy tasks or a steady pace? Engaging with new people or working with a small, tight group? This streamlines right into step two: know thy options. It’s like an exit on an airplane: look for a job â€Å"keeping in mind that it might be behind you.

Essay --

Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars fought in the Holy Roman empire, involving most of the countries within, the war lasted 30 years. This war massively affected europe and created a cultural divide between catholics and protestants. Philip III of Spain attempted to continue the foreign policy views of his father, Philip II, which basically meant that Spain had to be kept ready for war. Thus in 1618, when Ferdinand II, heir apparent to the throne of Bohemia, began to slash certain religious privileges enjoyed by his subjects there, they immediately appealed for aid to the Protestants in the rest of the empire and to the leading foreign Protestant states: Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Denmark (Trueman). Even though the war between the German Catholics and German Protestants were all in the Holy Roman Empire were both Christian it slowly spread was more of a fight over the balance of power. There were two sides in the Thirty Years’ War the Protestant League and the Catholic League. The Protestant League consisted of Frederick of Bohemia who was the leader of the Protestant princes, Denmark led by king Christian IV, Sweden led by king Gustavus Adolphus, and the Netherlands led by the house of orange all financially supported by king of France Louis XIII. The Catholic League consisted of the leader Duke Maximillian of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire Led by Emperor Ferdinand II, and king of Spain Philip IV (Billiet). There were five major phases of the Thirty Years’ War the Bohemian Revolt, Palatinate phase, Danish intervention, Swedish intervention, and the French intervention (Thomas). In the Bohemian phase a group of Bohemian Protestants captured the governors of prague and threw them out of the palace w... ...ing both flanks the remaining infantry moved to attack the Tercio of Naples (the best unit in the Spanish army). The German infantry failed horrendously, and the Spanish veterans held their ground due to some help from the musketeers in the woods. The spanish managed to wound Brunswick and drove his army off the field. The Protestants lost 3,000, 500 were wounded, and 1,500 captured. The spanish couldn’t have asked for a better fight. The Spanish suffered 300 dead and 900 wounded. The following day the Spanish cavalry obliterated the remaining Protestant infantry as they marched. Of the 24,000 men that left the Palatine that day only 3,000 Protestant cavalry managed to reach the next town (Thomas). As shown many times in historical past battles like the persians vs. the greeks numbers don’t matter its the strategy and will of the people to protect their way of life.

Darkness in Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and Dickinson Essay

E. A. Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and E. Dickinson’s works contain similar elements and images which can be related to the theme of darkness. These authors used these motives as their main subject throughout their works. Some of them led very gloomy and dark life so they used those experiences to utter their feelings by putting them on the paper. These poems and works can come across as kind of morbid at first sight so they will be thoroughly explained in the further text. E. A. Poe was labelled as immoral, crazy and depressive by his contemporaries partly because of his most famous poem â€Å"The Raven†. Many of them considered Poe’s behaviour insane when actually he was just a version of Romantic period moody hero like Byron, Keats and Shelly, yet today those â€Å"insane† people are called artists. His works were marked as spooky, spine-tingling and most importantly dark. Furthermore, a solid comparison can be made between 19th century horror writer Poe and 21th century horror writer Stephen King. Although centuries have passed the motif of darkness stays present. The Raven is a poem filled with dark, lonely and melancholic symbols. One of them to begin with is Gothic setting of the poem. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore†. â€Å"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;/ And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. † It’s almost like today’s readers can see in films. One can picture a small cabin deep in the woods on a cold December night with nothing but one candle and a man like shadow which can be seen through the window. Nevertheless, it is a perfect prelude to a horror movie or in this case to a horror poem. In addition to dark setting there is a dark protagonist, a young man suffering a great amount of pain, more precisely loss of a loved woman. Any human would start to question himself and talk to himself as he did in all of that loneliness and misery, but the only reply he got from the raven is â€Å"Nevermore†. That word is pretty devastating for the man on the edge. The Raven itself is a bad omen, dark one since it gives volume to a dark, spooky, ghostly atmosphere. His black feathers are traditionally considered to be a magic sign of something evil, rotten and ill. For the tone Poe is looking for, the raven is perfectly suitable bird. It looks just like the night it came out of. Yet again the night is another motif in poem which is entirely dark in physical and psychological sense. Night represents mysterious and slightly dangerous power of nature and it fits perfectly in the poem. Poe does not choose to write a horror of a sunny afternoon’s setting. One of the first things one can notice while reading The Scarlet Letter is enormous amount of hypocrisy. The society itself is hypocritical, nothing is white or black, people lie and everyone wears a mask, so that can be interpreted as dark motif. There are many examples of collision of light and darkness throughout the novel. Light is used to describe and emphasize good qualities of a human within or present state of emotions. And on the other hand, dark is obviously opposite of that. For example there is a scene when Pearl turns her head away from bright sunlight after stepping out in her mother’s arms from the dark, gloomy prison. This shows the contrast between light and dark and also evokes pity for the baby and her mother’s imprisonment. â€Å"She bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day; because its existence, heretofore, had brought it acquainted only with the gray twilight of a dungeon, or other darksome apartment of the prison. † There is another example of light and dark in Hester’s description of Chillingsworth. She describes him as a devil-like figure with a black soul and eyes burning red like fire. Light and darkness represent change of behaviour and personality in a character and this is one of the best examples of that change. Chillingsworth becomes literally and figuratively dark and continues tormenting Dimmesdale. The forest in the novel is described as dark several times especially in comparison with the town. Everything happening outside of the town is considered to be dark which means sinful. For example, Hester who is a sinner in the eyes of society lives on the outskirts of town in the woods. Society dismissed her and marked her as an outcast. The fact she is living on a border of town and forest shows how certain people thought of her in certain situations. During the night she found refuge in the woods with Dimmesdale and during the day she was a sinner in the eyes of society in the town. The forest was seen as the place of evil by townsmen because it was unknown and mysterious. The wilderness of the forest is compared with the Hester’s moral wilderness. â€Å"She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness; as vast, as intricate and shadowy, as the untamed forest. In Bartleby the Scrivener by Melville one can use doubling as a dark motif. The first example of doubles is Nippers and Turkey. They act like one person which is shown in the way they live their lives. Turkey is off in the morning because of the alcohol he drank the night before and Nippers is off in the afternoon because of his indigestion due to the lunch he had not so long before. They act like two faces of a coin. The second example and most important one is Bartleby. Melville is evoking him as a kind of phantom double. Descriptions of him represent him as either ghostly or a corpse, â€Å"cadaverous†. His indifference toward anything makes The Lawyer feel guilty and the act of understanding and helping Bartleby is just a way of satisfying his conscience. Isolation is also a dark motif in Bartleby the Scrivener. During the day Bartleby stares at the window facing the wall and during the night he sleeps in his office. In fact, this is a perfect picture of Wall Street and people who were really emotionally imprisoned because of their work. The last author to be explained is Emily Dickinson. She was beyond her time, left all alone in her world with nobody there to understand her. Her life was lonely and that, among all else, resulted in two nervous breakdowns. The poetry she wrote was full of dark and mysterious motives. One of her many poems called â€Å"I’m Nobody, who are you? † can explain the core of Dickinson. Although this poem has element of comic sense to it, it’s not quite as comical as it seems. Here Dickinson has a light tone, childish voice and she invites reader to come to her dark side. The main thesis in this poem is the loss of identity and personality. „I’m Nobody! Who are you? / Are you – Nobody – too? / Then there’s a pair of us! / Don’t tell! they’d advertise – you know! â€Å" She is explaining that there is a pair of them, nobodies and outsiders. The speaker fears to reveal their identity because they will not be anonymous free-thinking â€Å"nobodies† that they have chosen to be. It is not arguable that all of these authors were lonely and filled with pain due to certain tragedies but some of them felt it more than others. If every aspect of their lives is taken in consideration one should give a gold medal in darkness and despair to Poe and Dickinson. Nevertheless, all of them were human with real human emotions and their way of coping with pain was by writing it on a piece of paper. No matter how morbid and depressing these works are, they are works of art. It is important to remember how difficult it is to share your emotions publically and let every individual to interpret it in its own way, maybe even comparing it to its own life experiences. That is the beauty of it.

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study High school science typically consists of two or three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Two of these credits usually require a laboratory component. Following is an overview of suggested required courses along with electives a student might find at a typical high school. Year One: Physical Science The physical science curriculum covers the natural sciences and nonliving systems. Students focus on learning overall concepts and theories to help them understand and explain aspects of nature. Across the country, different states have different opinions on what should be included in physical science. Some include astronomy and earth science while others focus on physics and chemistry. This sample physical science course is integrated and includes basic principles in: PhysicsChemistryEarth scienceAstronomy Year Two: Biology The biology curriculum involves the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. The course provides students with laboratories designed to help them understand the nature of living organisms along with their similarities and differences. Topics covered include: Cellular biologyThe lifecycleGeneticsEvolutionClassificationOrganismsAnimalsPlantsEcosystemsAP biology The College Board suggests that students take AP biology one year after they complete biology and a year of chemistry because AP biology is the equivalent of a first-year college introductory course. Some students choose to double up on science and take this their third year or as an elective in their senior year. Year Three: Chemistry The chemistry curriculum covers matter, atomic theory, chemical reactions and interactions, and the laws that govern the study of chemistry. The course includes laboratories that are designed to reinforce these major concepts. Topics covered include: MatterAtomic structureThe periodic tableIonic and covalent bondingChemical reactionsKinetic theoryGas lawsSolutionsChemical kineticsAcids, bases and salts Year Four: Electives Typically, students take their science elective in their senior year. Following are a sampling of typical science electives offered in high schools. Physics or AP physics: Physics is the study of the interactions between matter and energy. Students who have doubled up in previous years and taken basic physics might choose to take AP physics their senior year. Chemistry II or AP chemistry: Students who have taken their first year of chemistry might continue with chemistry II or AP chemistry. This course continues and expands on the topics taught in chemistry I. Marine science: Marine science is the study of the marine environment including the ecology of the seas and the diversity of marine organisms and ecosystems. Astronomy: Many schools do not offer courses in astronomy. However, the study of astronomy is a welcome addition as a science elective. Astronomy includes the study of the planets, stars and sun as well as other astronomical structures. Anatomy and physiology: This subject involves the study of the structures and functions of the human body. Students learn about the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous and other systems in the body. Environmental science: Environmental science is the study of the interaction between humans and the living and nonliving environment around them. Students learn about the effects of human interaction including deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction and issues surrounding the management of the Earths water resources.

Evolution of Kino essays

Evolution of Kino essays In John Steinbecks novel The Pearl, Kino, the main character, went through a series of complicated changes due to money. He was greatly affected by the hunger for wealth and overall his life is destroyed because of lust and greed. This destruction is symbolized through the many forms that Kino portrays. At first a simple rabbit-like persona takes shape. When the greed spreads through society he becomes what readers see as a small mouse being circled by fierce predators in the sky. The final form of Kino is that of a wild dog. He seems to go to any length to protect his territory from intruders. Readers can compare the introduction of Kino to a rabbit. Like Kino, a rabbit seems peaceful, simply hopping about on a spring-like day with no worries at all. A kind and gentle creature with respect towards all walks of life. At the beginning Kino is seen as a loving father and husband. He has a mental connection with his wife, that shows his love and devotion to her. Also a timid dog befriends him which justifies his caring and general kindness for all. The Song of the Family plays through his head while Kino happily looks at his life and can think this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole." In the beginning his existence seems tranquil and completely safe. Kino transformed into a threatened mouse-like figure once the safety of his picture-perfect life was disturbed. After Coyotito is stung by the scorpion, the security of life as it had been before is gone. The Song of the Family is interrupted. Steinbeck foreshadows the change in the main character when Kino smashes his fist on the doctor's gate, after the doctors refusal to treat Coyotito. This event shows that Kino turns to violence and anger when confronted with a problem, yet when he does so he hurts only himself. At first the purpose of his great pearl of the world i ...

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer in feminist thinking and writing. The author gave birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1797. Wollstonecraft died soon after childbirth due to a fever. How could this have influenced Shelley’s writings? Although her mother did not live long enough to influence Shelley directly, it is clear that the Wollstonecraft and the ideas of the Romantic era greatly shaped Shelley’s beliefs. The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Wollstonecraft was strongly influenced by Thomas Paine and argued that women deserved equal rights. She saw how her own father treated her mother as property and refused to allow the same future for herself. When she became old enough, she earned a living as a governess but was bored with this work. She wanted to challenge her high intellect. When she was 28, she wrote a semi-autobiographical novel titled Maria. She soon moved to London and became an admired professional writer and editor who wrote about the rights of women and children. In 1790, Wollstonecraft wrote her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Men based on her reaction to the French Revolution. This essay influenced her famous feminist social study A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which she wrote two years later. The work continues to be read in literature and Womens studies classes today. Wollstonecraft experienced two romantic affairs and gave birth to Fanny before falling in love with William Godwin. By November  1796, she became pregnant with their only child, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Godwin and she were married in March of the following year. During the summer, she began writing The Wrongs of Women: or Maria. Shelley was born on August 30 and Wollstonecraft died less than two weeks later. Godwin raised both Fanny and Mary surrounded by philosophers and poets, such as Coleridge and Lamb. He also taught Mary to read and spell her name by having her trace her mothers inscription on the stone. Mary Shelley and Frankenstein With much of the independent spirit that drove her mother, Mary left home when she was 16 to live with her lover, Percy Shelley, who was unhappily married at the time. Society and even her father treated her as an outcast. This rejection influenced her writings greatly. Along with the suicides of Percys estranged wife and then Marys half-sister Fanny, her alienated status inspired her to write her greatest work, Frankenstein. Frankenstein is often referenced as the start of Science Fiction. Legend  claims that Shelley wrote the whole book in one night as part of a competition between herself, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and John Polidori. The aim was to see who could write the best horror story. While Shelleys tale isnt usually classified as a horror it did spawn a new genre mixing moral questions with science.

Cuban Missile crisis and Cold War intelligence Term Paper

Cuban Missile crisis and Cold War intelligence - Term Paper Example The hallmark of the Cold War was that though confrontations occurred between these two super powers in different parts of the world in their attempts to enhance their spheres of influence, they never came into direct conflict with each either. Instead proxies took up the cudgels for the two competing super powers in these conflicts. This characteristic of the Cold War was good for humanity, as both possessed nuclear weapons in enough quantities to destroy each other and the rest of the world. However, the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 brought these two super powers close to direct conflict with each other and the possibility of nuclear destruction. The world watched with bated breath as the moves and counter moves went on for six days. The American ground forces were readied for the invasion of Cuba and the nuclear might of America was al set for delivery onto the Soviet. The order for these actions never came, as in the eleventh hour the Russian Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev decid ed use the option for defusing the tension provided by President Kennedy of pulling out the troublesome missiles from Cuba in exchange for non-invasion of Cuba pledge by the U.S.A (Divine, 1988). Background. In April 1961 a Cuban exile force armed and sponsored by U.S.A was sent into Cuba to remove Fidel Castro and the threat of communism on the door steps of U.S.A. The result was a disastrous defeat of the Cuban exile force at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Almost a year later the Defence minister of Cuba and younger brother of Fidel Castro paid a visit to the Soviet Union. The result of this visit was the despatch of Soviet Union military personnel and weapons to Cuba on the plea that Fidel Castro required the support of the Soviet Union to defend Cuba against any invasion of Cuba by U.S.A. (Garthoff, 1989). Republican protests on the large military build up in Cuba started in the U.S.A., which became even more strident, when photographs taken by a U-2 plane overflying Cuba, revealed ongoing construction work for a surface-to-air missile (SAM) site, which was taken to be defensive posture by the Kennedy administration. The CIA perception of this was that it could be the prelude t o the more ominous introduction of SAM’s with offensive potential. Though the Soviet Union continued to deny any offensive posturing, Republican pressure on the Kennedy administration for a response began to mount. Subsequent CIA U-2 provided even more disquieting news of the Soviet Union building launching sites for their medium-range ballistic missiles and long-range ballistic missiles (Divine, 1988). America needed to respond now. Two options of response were studied. The first involved the use of the American Air Force to bomb the missile sites. The second was a blockade of Cuba by the American Navy to prevent the transportation of any missiles to Cuba. The second option became the chosen response, for it provided the benefit of slow escalation. The Soviet response was to challenge the blockade. However, better sense prevailed and there was no attempt to break the blockade. Instead, the Russians agreed to withdraw the offending missiles, stop the missile site build-up, an d withdraw the Russian bombers capable of delivering nuclear bombs that were stationed in Cuba. In response U.S.A. declared that it would not invade Cuba (Divine, 1988). Cold War Intelligence Evaluation of the American intelligence activities from the start of the Cold

Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships Assignment

Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships - Assignment Example Fiduciary implies a particular individual on whom extreme assurance and faith has been placed by another to handle and guard finance or possessions. It is referred to as an association where an individual is obliged to do something for the advantage of another individual5. It has been further added that there are three most important duties that arise where there exists such an association. The foremost is the duty or responsibility of loyalty which means the responsibility to do something on behalf and in support of the particular individual or body towards whom the responsibility is outstanding and not taking benefit of, or damaging, it or him. The second is the duty or responsibility of obedience which means the obligation and responsibility to do something inside the limits of the power of faith. The third is the duty or obligation of care which means the duty to do something cautiously. At times the obligation of disclosure of complete material information is stated as the fourt h duty6. These fiduciary duties relating to sections 33, 34 and 35 of the Partnership Act 19637. The only fiduciary responsibility for which a particular partner is indebted to the other existing partners and the partnership is the responsibility of loyalty or faithfulness and the responsibility of care. A particular partner’s responsibility or obligation of loyalty is restricted to provide accounts to the partnership regarding any kind of possessions, profit or advantage that has been obtained by that partner in carrying out the business of partnership or by using a property that is possessed by the firm and all the partners jointly and also to cease from transacting with the firm where he has been acting as a partner, as an unfavourable party or entering into a competition with the firm in the course of carrying out the business of partnership. Similarly, a partner’s obligation of care is restricted to abstaining from grossly negligent or irresponsible behavior, misb ehavior that was on purpose or for disobeying a law intentionally. These obligations might not be surrendered or disposed of in the agreement of partnership and in order to accomplish them, every individual partner ought to act time and again in relation to the responsibility of trust and fair dealing. These are pertinent to all the contracts as well as agreements of partnership. It is allowed for a partner to follow one’s own interests but it should be ensured that in the course of doing so, the above-mentioned responsibilities should not be violated8.  

Ethnic and Cultural Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnic and Cultural Holidays - Essay Example It could be agreed in society that the most cherishing of all the holidays is Christmas and the reason for this is many. Not only is this holiday a celebrated tradition among many different ethnicities but it is a day that represents Christ's birth and for those who follow the Christian faith this is a day that brings joy, love, tears, remembrance, and togetherness. For those of the African culture, Kwanza is the holiday that is symbolic of Christmas. It is very similar to Christmas but it is celebrated on a different day and following a different custom as well. Regardless of how the holidays are celebrated for each culture and ethnic group and regardless of when they are; they are definitely meant to bring comfort to the heart after times of struggle throughout the year. It is indeed what makes each of these very favorable holidays so worthy and worthwhile of celebration. The word Christmas comes from the old English 'Cristes maesse' meaning Christ's Mass. The Holiday celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Although the actual birthday of Jesus is not known; the early Church Fathers in the 4th century fixed the day around the old Roman Saturnalia festival which is now celebrated on December 25 of every year (History.Com 2006). In Sweden the celebration of Christmas begins quite early and starts with respecting and remembering a Saint known as, "St. Lucia". The celebrating begins December 13 and involves the entire family, bringing a sense of peace and happiness for all who are involved with the festivities during this time. This time of year is worthy to be honored for Swedish people as Saint Lucia was said to have been tortured for following the Christian faith. These days, up until December 26 are days in which all Christians share joy, laughter, faith, love, caring, and understanding among each other in Sweden. They share in their spirituality and c elebrate with candles, parades, gifts, and food. However, the main reason for the celebration is to share in the Christian faith and spread the word of God without fear of persecution that existed in the time of Saint Lucia (History.Com 2006). In Finland the Christmas holiday focuses on remembering those who have already past away while also sharing in each individuals own personal faith. This makes it very well deserved to be celebrated in this country as well, even though the reasoning is different from other cultures. In Norway the holiday is carried out much like it is in America or England, with the traditional tree, fireplace, and religion being shared among all family members. What is different however is this is the origin of the well known "Yule log", a treat that has become widely popular during the Christmas season in all cultures. The Yule log is representative of celebrating the sun returning during winter solstice in the country (History.Com 2006). What is being found is that the traditions that are well known during the Christmas holidays have all been brought together by different cultures spread all around the world. The tradition of lights and the use of candles during this time of the year came from Sweden. Visiting graves of deceased loved ones first took prose in Finland, and of course the Yule Log (a common favorite among many

Investigation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigation Plan - Assignment Example Anu. With regards to the questions that should be posed to her, the first of these is what specifically gave her the impression that she was not considered due to her ethnic background/religious views. Accordingly the second question would necessarily be whether or not the employer made any direct or indirect comments, whether legal or illegal with reference to national origin, religion, or any other aspects covered under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Guerin & DelPo, 2009). Similarly, the second stakeholder that should be interviewed by the EEOC is the human resources manager. Although if this is a small firm, the human resources manager may very well be the same as the general manager, if it is a larger firm, the human resources manager will be a separate position in and of itself. The reason for this individual being chosen is due to the fact that the EEOC will need to determine the level and extent to which compliance with an appreciation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is current ly being exhibited within the firm and within the employment process. With regards to the specific questions that the EEOC investigator should ask this individual, these would necessarily be concentric around the questions that are generally asked during an interview process as well whether an offer of employment was made over the phone to Anu. This second question will have a great deal of importance with regards to the final discussion that will be integrated within this brief analysis; i.e. the proof and understanding of whether or not an offer of employment was made and if it was to what conditions, if any, existed within this offer. The final stakeholder that must that certainly be is the hiring manager was responsible for interview Anu. As a result of the previous, the EEOC investigator will be able to determine based upon the spinal be whether or not Anu ultimately has a case or not (Leonard, 2007). The first question should be asked to this hiring is how many employees he/sh e employed at the time that Anu was offered her position stop this is an important but is the answer to that that Civil Rights Act of 1964 only applied to firms with 14 or more employees. If the firm had fewer than 14 employees the time that Anu was offered her position, this negates involvement that the EEOC might be played with regards to get case. Additionally, the hiring manager should be asked whether or not there is any process or work that a potential higher might be responsible for that would require them not to wear a sari. This last question is due to the fact that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically denotes that an employer can make an exception to the discriminatory clauses elaborated upon in title VII should there be what is known and referred to as a bona fide occupational qualification. As such, if an employee in the bakery is responsible for a job that would require that they not wear loose fitting clothing, this might be understood as a bona fide occupational qualification (Lavin & DiMichele, 2012). Finally, it should be strongly noted that the exchange upon which Anu was offered the job took place over the phone stop accordingly, there exists no legal proof as to whether any conditions of employment were integrated within the offer was given. By discussing this topic with both the HR manager and the hiring

Business Research Paper about Currency Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business about Currency - Research Paper Example (See Table I – 2010 U.S. Unemployment Rate below) Because of the debt of Greece, investors were reluctant whether or not a solution will be developed to solve Greece’s debts (CNN Money a). Due to the distress in euro zone, the real value of USD increased against major currencies like Euro. This explains the weakening of Euro against USD between March 22 and March 23, 2010. The uncertainty in the U.S. healthcare bill caused the decline in the USD against Euro exchange rate starting March 24, 2010 (Twin). The real value of USD fell against Euro by 0.5% to US$1.3479. This was due to the strengthening of the Euro when the European Union leaders announced their decision to financially aid the debt of Greece during the summit in Brussels (Pepitone). The emergency bailout plan which aims to rescue to economic condition of Greece regain the confidence of investors with Euro. Between April 5 to April 8, USD weakened against the Euro. This is probably due to the fact that the U.S. job market worsened as compared to the previous weeks or previous months (Trading Economics). Other than the increased in the U.S. unemployment rate, the U.S. light crude oil for the period of May delivery increased by $1.75 per barrel. Because of the high cost of crude oil per barrel (US$86.62), a lot of investors became less confident with regards to how trading will go over the next few days or next few months (Twin, CNN News). Although there was a slight change in the cost of May delivery of crude oil last Thursday (April 8), decrease in the market price of imported crude oil per barrel remains high (US$85.39) (Twin, CNN Money). Stocks also fell when big companies like General Motors announced its huge loss in the market. These factors together with the strengthening of Greece and other Euro members made the value of USD against Euro fell back on April 8. Aside from what is going on in the U.S. economy, the success of the European and Asian markets made the currency of USD

Investigation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigation Plan - Assignment Example Anu. With regards to the questions that should be posed to her, the first of these is what specifically gave her the impression that she was not considered due to her ethnic background/religious views. Accordingly the second question would necessarily be whether or not the employer made any direct or indirect comments, whether legal or illegal with reference to national origin, religion, or any other aspects covered under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Guerin & DelPo, 2009). Similarly, the second stakeholder that should be interviewed by the EEOC is the human resources manager. Although if this is a small firm, the human resources manager may very well be the same as the general manager, if it is a larger firm, the human resources manager will be a separate position in and of itself. The reason for this individual being chosen is due to the fact that the EEOC will need to determine the level and extent to which compliance with an appreciation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is current ly being exhibited within the firm and within the employment process. With regards to the specific questions that the EEOC investigator should ask this individual, these would necessarily be concentric around the questions that are generally asked during an interview process as well whether an offer of employment was made over the phone to Anu. This second question will have a great deal of importance with regards to the final discussion that will be integrated within this brief analysis; i.e. the proof and understanding of whether or not an offer of employment was made and if it was to what conditions, if any, existed within this offer. The final stakeholder that must that certainly be is the hiring manager was responsible for interview Anu. As a result of the previous, the EEOC investigator will be able to determine based upon the spinal be whether or not Anu ultimately has a case or not (Leonard, 2007). The first question should be asked to this hiring is how many employees he/sh e employed at the time that Anu was offered her position stop this is an important but is the answer to that that Civil Rights Act of 1964 only applied to firms with 14 or more employees. If the firm had fewer than 14 employees the time that Anu was offered her position, this negates involvement that the EEOC might be played with regards to get case. Additionally, the hiring manager should be asked whether or not there is any process or work that a potential higher might be responsible for that would require them not to wear a sari. This last question is due to the fact that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically denotes that an employer can make an exception to the discriminatory clauses elaborated upon in title VII should there be what is known and referred to as a bona fide occupational qualification. As such, if an employee in the bakery is responsible for a job that would require that they not wear loose fitting clothing, this might be understood as a bona fide occupational qualification (Lavin & DiMichele, 2012). Finally, it should be strongly noted that the exchange upon which Anu was offered the job took place over the phone stop accordingly, there exists no legal proof as to whether any conditions of employment were integrated within the offer was given. By discussing this topic with both the HR manager and the hiring

Heakthcare Strategies Decision Making Tools Essay

Heakthcare Strategies Decision Making Tools - Essay Example 1. We have to develop a policy statement for the contingency plan. For us to have a successful policy, the policy should be able to provide the guidance and the authority that is useful in the realization of the contingency plan. The policy statement contains all the needs that the healthcare will need in order to be effective. For the surgical centre in this step we have to identify all the things that will be needed by the healthcare this may include the surgical equipments, the staffing of the surgical centre and the tools that are needed to be able to complete the surgical centre. We also have to identify the roles of different stakeholders and how these stakeholders take part in the contingency process (Donaldson, 1992). 2. The second step is the impact assessment. This is where the feasibility test is done. In impact assessment, we have to check and know if it is possible to create the program at hand. Do we have all the resources that are necessary for the realization of the g ive goals or are we risking failure and loss due to the implementation of the program. For the surgical centre here, I have to check if it is possible to create this surgical centre and the funds that are available for its creation. ... 3. Recovery strategies. This is effective strategies that are put in place in case of disruption, the operations of the program can easily be normalized. When this is done we have to take the full range of all the possible incidences that can occur during the program. Some of the strategies that we have to look at for this particular project include (Broadbent, 1979). 4. Creation of contingency strategies. These strategies are effective in case the system is lost and we need to recover it. The following are some of the strategies that I have put in place for the surgical centre (Broadbent, 1979). All this strategies have to be implemented step by step so as to ensure that none is skipped as they are all useful in the realization of a good plan in case of any emergencies. Backup failure. We have to backup all the data that will be used for this particular project elsewhere in another hard disk or another computer so that incase of any loss of data in one computer, then it can be recov ered from the backup computers. Alternative sites. Sometimes a situation might arise that the location of the surgical centre have to change, in this case, we have to have an alternative site for the setting up of the surgical centre in case the current place is unavailable. Renewal of equipment. We have to have solutions for events when equipments may be lost due to theft or even any careless lost. The main equipments here will include surgical equipments that are useful in the industry. Roles and responsibility incase of an emergency. For every emergency, we have to state the roles of the different stakeholders to try and manage the situation. When this is done, we have to look at all the factors that are listed before

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Essay Example for Free

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Essay Paramount’s newest non-disposable razor, Clean Edge, has brought a new hope for the company whose other products are either on the mature stage of product life cycle or on the declining stage. Clean Edge’s improved design provides superior performance and hence the top management is extremely excited. They need to come up with a marketing strategy including product positioning, brand name marketing budget allocation for the upcoming launch. Another area of concern is how to deal with the cannibalization effect on the other range of non-disposable razors sold by Paramount. It is very important to come up with a suitable strategy to make the product successful in the market. Through a proper economic analysis considering the razor market and the facts available, we have come up with a conclusion that Paramount should position Clean Edge in the Niche Segment. Statement of the Problems Paramount needs to come up with a marketing strategy to effectively position its new line of technologically advanced non-disposable razors. Over the last five year years the industry has seen major advancements in the male grooming industry with the entry of new formidable players turning on the heat for the existing market leaders. Some of the major highlights include * Male specific grooming products seem to have outpaced the growth in women’s beauty market and have become more mainstream * In the male grooming product category, the replacement cycle of razors and cartridges have shortened * Advertising expenditures in the category have been rising faster than retail market sales * The demand has had a cumulative effect on technology as newer advanced products have hit the market resulting in approximately 5% growth per year from 2007 to 2010 * Super-premium segment has experienced significant growth with numerous product innovations By 2009, Paramount had already established itself as a global consumer products giant having expertise in Health, Cleaning, Beauty and Grooming. This helped the company to quickly position itself as a trusted brand in the non-disposable razor market. Capitalising on its reputation it offered its products By 2009, the replacement cycle of non-disposable razor cartridges had shortened due to consumers trying out new products. The challenge with Paramount was that two of its mainstream products – Paramount Pro and Paramount Avail had not introduced any significant technology innovations since 2005. However, its competitors, especially Radiance is on the verge of launching Naiv razor which promises a better shaving experience.

The identifying a project risk

The identifying a project risk Let us first define what project risk is, project risk is an uncertain event that, if occurs, has a positive or a negative effect on at least one project objective. A risk may have one or more causes and, if it occurs, one or more impacts. Over here we will define what are the risks associated with a new project, how to define, measure and control those risk. This combine process is called risk management. Identifying Risk For any effective identification of the risk involved in a project, there has to be certain corporate culture: (Young-Hoon Kwak, 2005) The managers should support honest and realistic risk assessment, even if they indicate problems with the project. The managers should be encouraged to talk openly about the risk involved without any fear of reprurcussions. Create an atmosphere where, talking about any kind of risk is allowed. Other key factor in risk assessment is collecting realistic and high quality data. Creating the right kind of atmosphere is only the first step in risk identification (Paul C. Dinsmore et al, 2005)Overall risk identification is a process to identify various potential risks in a project. Ideally a project manager would create a project risk register, where he would include all the identified risk, he would also earmark the nature of each risk, the step in which it may occur, the kind of effect it may have on the project and the solution for it. (Paul C. Dinsmore et al, 2005)This risk register is not static in nature but is dynamic and keeps on changing with each new step in the project. Risk identification is continuous process, new risks may come to light as the project progresses and previously-identified risks may drop out. Another key to risk identification is involving the right kind of people in risk identification process. Some of the key person that should be involved in all the risk identification process are risk management team, project team (they should be involved in the process so that the project team can develop a sense of ownership of responsibilities for the risks involved) members, project manager, experts both from the project and from outside the project team, customers, end users, other project managers, stakeholders(Stakeholders outside the project team may provide additional objective information), and risk management experts.(Dennis Lock, 2007) While these personnel are often key participants for risk identification, all project personnel should be encouraged to identify risks. The potential risk can be identified using: A risk break down structure, over here various risk are identified according to the stages of project cycle. Managers own knowledge of the previous projects and by cross referencing similar projects done by others. Consulting experts from the same field. After proper identification of the risk, the next important step would be to determine the cause of the risk involved its impact on the project objective. The project risk register should ideally contain the identified risk followed by cause of the risk, the condition under which it may occur, the impact it may have on the project and finally the solution for it. Also it is important to note here that all type of risk should be identified, even the risk that cant be tackled with like risk of project delay due to weather conditions. Some of the risks that may occur are: Design Risks This type of risk arise due to design of the project, some of the design risk are design incomplete, Inaccurate assumptions on technical issues in planning stage, surveys incomplete, hazardous waste site analysis incomplete, unforeseen design exceptions, Incomplete quantity estimates etc. External Risks This type of risk generally arise due to factors which are not directly related to the project, some example are landowners unwilling to sell land, local communities pose objections, threat of lawsuits, stakeholders request late changes, political factors or support for project changes etc. Environmental Risks Risk arising due to environmental factors like environmental analysis incomplete, environmental clearance for staging or borrow sites required, historic site, endangered species, riparian areas, wetlands and/or public park present etc Organizational Risks The risk arising due to companys policies and structure, like inexperienced staff assigned, internal â€Å"red tape† causes delay getting approvals, decisions, priorities change on existing program, funding changes for fiscal year, Overlapping of one or more project limits, scope of work or schedule etc. Project Management Risks Risk inherent to the project due to poor management like project purpose and need is not well-defined, project scope definition is incomplete, no control over staff priorities, unresolved project conflicts not escalated in a timely manner etc. Construction Risks Risk in projects where construction is involved like: inaccurate contract time estimates, change requests due to differing site conditions, temporary construction easements expire, dewatering is required due to change in water table etc. Engineering Services Risks These are risk involved in projects where engineering work is done, like: hazardous materials in existing structure or surrounding soil; lead paint, contaminated soil, asbestos pipe, asbestos bearings and shims, Special railroad requirements are necessary including an extensive geotechnical report for temporary shoring system adjacent to tracks etc. Financial Risk Risk due to unforeseen financial problems like Capital budgeting problem, price rise of raw materials, delay in funding, currency fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations etc. Measuring Risk Risk can be measured either qualitatively or quantitatively. The measuring technique depends on the nature of the project and risk involved. Qualitative Risk Qualitative risk analysis assesses the risks using the probability of occurring of the risk, the corresponding impact on project objectives if the risks do occur, as well as other factors such as the time frame and risk tolerance of the project constraints of cost, schedule, scope, and quality. (Lewis R. Ireland, 2006). Sometimes experts or functional units assess the risks in their respective fields and share these assessments with the team. Across the same project the definitions that will be used for levels of probability and impact should be the same. The organizations management, project customer or sponsor has an important role in the Qualitative Risk Analysis process. (David I. Cleland, 2006) The project sponsor defines for the risk analysis lead and team the levels of impact on time, cost, scope and quality that would qualify a risk as having a very low, low, moderate, high or very high impact on each objective. The project sponsor determines the combinations of probability and impact that make a risk low, moderate and high priority for each objective in light of the definitions just mentioned. Once the definitions are in place, team members assess the identified risks probability and impact and then put them into high, moderate, and low risk categories for each project objective (time, cost, scope, quality). They rank risks by degrees of probability and impact, using the definitions in place, and include their assessment rationale.(Lewis R. Ireland, 2006). Team members revisit qualitative risk analysis during the projects lifecycle. When the team repeats qualitative analysis for individual risks, trends may emerge in the results. These trends can indicate the need for more or less risk management action on particular risks, or whether a risk mitigation plan is working. Quantitative Risk Qualitative measurement of risk involves numerically estimating the probability that a project would meets its financial and time objective. Qualitative analysis involves evaluation of all the quantifiable risk and in most cases these risks identified are analyzed simultaneously to determine its affect on the project. The result is a probability distribution of the projects cost and completion date based on the identified risks in the project. Quantitative risk analysis in general involves statistical technique called Monte Carlo simulation. (Morgen Witzel, 2003). Quantitative risk analysis starts with the model of the project, either its project schedule or its cost estimate depending on the objective. The degree of uncertainty in each schedule activity and each line-item cost element is represented by a probability distribution. The probability distribution is usually specified by determining the optimistic, the most likely and the pessimistic values for the activity or cost elemen t this is typically called the â€Å"3-point estimate.† (Joseph Phillips, 2003) The three points are estimated during an interview with subject matter experts who usually focus on the schedule or cost elements one at a time. The risks that lead to the three points are recorded for the quantitative risk analysis report and for risk response planning. For each activity or cost element a probability distribution type is chosen that best represents the risks discussed in the interview. Typical distributions usually include the triangular, beta, normal and uniform.(Lewis R. Ireland, 2006) A specialized Monte Carlo simulation software program runs (iterates) the project schedule or cost estimate many times, drawing duration or cost values for each iteration at random from the probability distribution derived from the 3-point estimates and probability distribution types selected for each element. The Monte Carlo software develops from the results of the simulation a probability dis tribution of possible completion dates and project costs. From this distribution it is possible to answer such questions as: (Martin Stevens, 2002) How likely is the current plan to come in on schedule or on budget? How much contingency reserve of time or money is needed to provide the agency with a sufficient degree of certainty? Using sensitivity analysis, which activities or line-item cost elements contribute the most to the possibility of overrunning schedule or cost targets? Risk Response Planning Risk Response Planning is the process of developing options, and determining actions to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to the projects objectives. It focuses on the high-risk items evaluated in the qualitative and/or quantitative risk analysis.(Jennifer, 2005) In Risk Response Planning parties are identified and assigned to take responsibility for each risk response. The project manager identifies which strategy is best for each risk, and then design specific actions to implement that strategy. Some of the strategies are: (Winston W. Royce, 1970) Risk Avoidance: In the process of risk avoidance the project is changed so as to avoid the risk all together. In this kind of case the managers feel that it is a better option to change the project than to deal with the risk. Risk Transfer: Risk transference requires shifting the impact of the risk, along with ownership of the response, to a third party. An example would be the team transfers the financial impact of risk by contracting out some aspect of the work or taking out insurance in anticipation of a risk. Risk Mitigation: Risk mitigation is a process of reduction in the probability and/or impact of an adverse risk event to an acceptable threshold. Taking early action to reduce the probability and/or impact of a risk is often more effective than trying to repair the damage after the risk has occurred. Exploit: This strategy seeks to eliminate the uncertainty associated with a particular upside risk by making the opportunity definitely happen. Examples include securing talented resources that may become available for the project. Share. Allocating ownership to a third party who is best able to capture the opportunity for the benefit of the project. Acceptance. A strategy that is adopted because it is either not possible to eliminate that risk from a project or the cost in time or money of the response is not warranted by the importance of the risk. Monitoring and Control of Risk Risk monitoring and control keeps track of the identified risks, residual risks, and new risks. It also monitors the execution of planned strategies on the identified risks and evaluates their effectiveness. Risk monitoring and control continues for the life of the project.(Roland Gareis, 2006) The list of project risks changes as the project matures, new risks develop, or anticipated risks disappear. Periodic project risk reviews repeat the process of identification, analysis, and response planning. Risk ratings and prioritization commonly change during the project lifecycle. If an unanticipated risk emerges, or a risks impact is greater than expected, the planned response may not be adequate. Risk control involves: (Bjarne Kousholt, 2007) Choosing alternative response strategies Implementing a contingency plan Taking corrective actions Re-planning the project, as applicable The individual or a group assigned to each risk (risk owner) reports periodically to the project manager and the risk team leader on the status of the risk and the effectiveness of the response plan. The risk owner also reports on any unanticipated effects, and any mid-course correction that the manager must consider in order to mitigate the risk. References Paul C. Dinsmore et al (2005) The right projects done right! John Wiley and Sons, 2005. ISBN 0787971138. p.35 and further. Lewis R. Ireland (2006) Project Management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 007147160X. p.110. Joseph Phillips (2003). PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. ISBN 0072230622 p.354. Dennis Lock (2007) Project management (9e ed.) Gower Publishing, Ltd., 2007. ISBN 0566087723 Young-Hoon Kwak (2005). A brief history of Project Management. In: The story of managing projects. Elias G. Carayannis et al. (9 eds), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 1567205062 Roland Gareis (2006). Global project management handbook. Chapter 1: The evolution of project management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0071460454 Martin Stevens (2002). Project Management Pathways. Association for Project Management. APM Publishing Limited, 2002 ISBN 190349401X p.xxii Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0415369770. p. 96-101. David I. Cleland (2006). Global project management handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0071460454. p.1-4 states: It was in the 1950s when project management was formally recognized as a distinct contribution arising from the management discipline. 10. Booz Allen Hamilton History of Booz Allen 1950s Bjarne Kousholt (2007). Project Management -. Theory and practice.. Nyt Teknisk Forlag. ISBN 8757126038. p.59. http://www.ipma.ch/publication/Pages/ICB-IPMACompetenceBaseline.aspx F. L. Harrison, Dennis Lock (2004). Advanced project management: a structured approach. Gower Publishing, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 0566078228. p.34. Winston W. Royce (1970). Managing the Development of Large Software Systems in: In: Technical Papers of Western Electronic Show and Convention (WesCon) August 25-28, 1970, Los Angeles, USA. Jennifer (2005). Applied Software Project Management. OReilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00948-9. http://www.stellman-greene.com/aspm/.

The Physics Behind the Power of an Engine :: Physics Engine Essays

The Physics Behind the Power of an Engine Insert the key, turn, and vroom. And down the road you go. Most people take for granted the strange conglomeration of metal and plastic under that sheet of metal either in front or back of their vehicle. The engine as you may have guessed, is modern marvel- so to speak. They’re found in cars, trucks, boats, airplanes†¦All with various power outputs. To discuss the power output, first the cycles of the engine itself needs to be mentioned. 1.Intake: The intake valve opens allowing fresh oxygen rich air mixed with fuel to enter the cylinder. 2.Compression: The piston is pushed upward by the flywheel's momentum compressing the air/fuel mix. 3.Combustion: As the piston reaches the top of its stroke or TDC, the spark plug fires, igniting the mixture. Due to the high compression of this mixture it is very volatile and it explodes when the spark is introduced. This pushes the piston downward and produces power. 4.Exhaust: After the Air/Fuel mix has been burnt the remaining chemicals in the cylinder (water and CO2 for the most part) must be removed so that fresh air can be brought in. As the piston goes back up after combustion the exhaust valve opens allowing the exhaust gasses to be released. Ideally an engine takes in Air (Oxygen and Nitrogen) and fuel (hydrocarbons) and produces CO2, H2O, and the N2 just passes through. However under normal driving conditions an engine will encounter lean conditions when cruising on the highway (better mileage) and rich conditions when accelerating (better power). The lean condition results in oxide and harmful nitrogen production. Rich conditions result in carbon monoxide production. For this reason catalytic converters are used on an engine’s exhaust. The catalyst material in a cat is in a wire mesh or honeycomb. This allows a high surface area to be exposed to the passing exhaust gasses. The catalyst converts the harmful nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Catalytic converters work best when warm, so some car manufacturers are putting "pre cats" in the exhaust manifold to convert the gasses while the exhaust system is still warming up. Engine output is measured in two ways. The first is a direct measurement of engine output: Torque. Torque is defined as the amount of mass that can be lifted a certain distance from the center of rotation. Torque is what accelerates a car.

Legalization of Marijuana is Necessary :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marijuana has been unfairly villainized and prohibited in America. Legalization offers a practical, effective, and humane approach to dealing with marijuana use. In the following pages I will point out the inconsistency and hypocrisy of America’s marijuana laws, some of the problems with our current methods for controlling illegal drug use, and some of the possible advantages of legalization. It is unclear exactly why the recreational use of marijuana became of such concern to some people in the first place, but much of the information published and testimony made to Congress on the subject in the 1930’s was simply ludicrous. A 1936 article from the American Journal of Nursing claimed that a marijuana smoker â€Å"will suddenly turn with murderous violence upon whomever is nearest to him† (Bring Drugs 13). In 1937, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (now the Drug Enforcement Agency) testified before Congress that â€Å"Marijuana is the most violence causing drug in the history of mankind,† and that â€Å"Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos, and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing, result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes† (Bouril 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some theorize that anxiety over the decline in size and power of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics after the 1933 repeal of Alcohol Prohibition is what caused Anslinger to push so hard for the prohibition of marijuana (4). The preposterous lies told about the effects of marijuana usage by people like Anslinger has led others to believe that there was a hidden agenda behind the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 - to eliminate hemp. In 1916 the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced, in Bulletin No. 404, that one acre of hemp would produce as much pulp as four acres of trees, and that if a machine for stripping hemp were developed it would be unnecessary to cut down forest to make paper (Bock 3). Shortly before the passage of the Act, state of the art stripping and pulping machines were available and a few were in use. An article written for Popular Mechanics entitled â€Å"New Billion-Dollar Crop† discussed how this new technology would make hemp â €Å"the most profitable and desirable crop that can be grown† (Bouril 5). Unfortunately, the article was not published until February of 1938 - a day late and a dollar short. There is considerable evidence that the

Causes Of Huntington S Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Huntington ‘s disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant upset ; it affects the nervous system including the encephalon. The symptoms become noticeable in in-between age with gradual loss of motor map and coordination. Degeneration of nervous system is progressive and personality alterations occur. It is the most common familial cause which causes nonvoluntary motions called chorea. This disease is caused by a autosomal dominant mutant in either of an person ‘s two transcripts cistron called Huntingtin. This cistron usually provides the familial information for the a protein called Huntingtin and the mutant in this cistron codes different signifier of proteins which causes harm in specific encephalon country. Any kid of an affected parent has a 50 % opportunity to acquire this disease. In rare state of affairs both of the parents are affected or either parent has two affected transcripts the hazard is greatly increased. Huntington disease is caused by genetically programmed devolution of nerve cells in specific countries of the encephalon. Specifically it affects the nerve cell of basal ganglia ; with in the basal ganglia it affects the striate body, peculiarly those in caudate karyons and globus pallidus which causes uncontrolled motions, loss of rational modules and emotional perturbation. It besides affects the outer surface of the encephalon which controls idea, perceptual experiences and memory. Huntington cistron codifications Huntingtin protein. Part of this cistron is repeated subdivision called trinucleotide which varies in length between individuals and between coevalss. When the repeated subdivision reaches a threshold causes the mutant in the cistron and it can besides do mutant in the protein forms mutant Huntingtin protein. Huntington cistron is located at the short arm of the chromosome 4 at 4p16.3. The cistron contains three bases-cytosine-adenine-guanine ( CAG ) . The mutation of the cistron is associated with the presence of excess CAG trinucleotide repetition near the 5 ‘ terminal. Normal single have 11 to 24 repetitions, but those affected by HD carry 42 to 86 CAG repetitions. Differing map of this protein causes the pathological alterations and symptoms in the patients with this disease. HD is inherited harmonizing to the length of the perennial subdivision of the cistron and its badness can be influenced by the sex of the affected parent. â€Å" [ Each parent has two transcripts of every chromosome but gives merely one transcript to each kid. Each kid of an HD parent has a 50-50 opportunity of inheriting the HD cistron. If a kid does non inherit the HD cistron, he or she will non develop the disease and can non go through it to subsequent coevalss. A individual who inherits the HD cistron, and survives long plenty, will sooner or later develop the disease. In some households, all the kids may inherit the HD cistron ; in others, none do. Whether one kid inherits the cistron has no bearing on whether others will or will non portion the same destiny. A little figure of instances of HD areA sporadic, that is, they occur even though there is no household historyA of the upset. These instances are thought to be caused by a new familial mutation-an change in the cistron that occurs duringA spermA development and that brings the figure of CAG repetitions into the scope that causes disease. ] † ( 2 )Categorization of trinucleotide repetition and ensuing disease position depends on the figure of CAG repetitionsRepeat CountCategorizationDisease Status& lt ; 28 Normal Unaffected 28 – 35 Intermediates Unaffected 36 – 40 Reduced penetrance +/- Affected & gt ; 40 Full penetrance Affected SIGNS & A ; SYMPTOMS Symptoms of HD can get down at any age from babyhood, but it is seen between the ages of 35 and 44 old ages. In the early stages the patient shows personality alterations and alterations in knowledge or physical accomplishments. The physical symptoms are the first to be noticed. The most characteristic symptoms are arrhythmic, uncontrolled authorship motions called chorea. They may exhibit as uncomplete gesture, restlessness, and deficiency of coordination or decelerate oculus motions. These symptoms become more obvious by at least three old ages. The major symptoms like composing gesture, rigidness and unnatural positions appears as the upset progresses. A † [ These are marks that the system in the encephalon that is responsible for motion is affected.A PsychomotorA maps become progressively impaired, such that any action that requires muscle control is affected. Common effects are physical instability, unnatural facial look, and troubles masticating, A swallowingA and speaking.A Eating troubles normally cause weight loss and may take to malnutrition.A Sleep disturbancesA are besides associated symptoms.A Juvenile HD differs from these symptoms in that it by and large progresses faster and chorea is exhibited briefly, if at all, with rigidness being the dominant symptom. SeizuresA are besides a common symptom of this signifier of HD. Cognitive abilities are impaired progressively.A Particularly affected areA executive functionsA which include planning, cognitive flexibleness, A abstract thought, regulation acquisition, originating appropriate actions and suppressing inappropriate actions.A As the disease progresses, A memoryA shortages tend to look. Reported damages range fromA short-run memoryA shortages toA long-run memoryA troubles, including shortages inA episodicA ( memory of one ‘s life ) , A proceduralA ( memory of the organic structure of how to execute an activity ) andA working memory. Cognitive jobs tend to decline over clip, finally taking toA dementedness. This form of shortages has been called a subcortical dementedness syndrome to separate it from the typical effects of cortical dementedness e.g.A Alzheimer ‘s disease. ReportedA neuropsychiatricA manifestations areA anxiousness, A depression, a decreased show of emotions ( blunted affect ) , A egoism, A aggression, andA compulsive behaviour, the latter of which can do or worsenA dependences, includingA alcohol addiction, gaming, andA hypersexuality.A Troubles in acknowledging other people ‘s negative looks have besides been observed. PrevalenceA of these symptoms is besides extremely variable between surveies, with estimated rates for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disordersA between 33 % and 76 % .A For many sick persons and their households these symptoms are among the most distressful facets of the disease, frequently impacting day-to-day operation and representing ground forA institutionalization.A Suicidal ideas and self-destruction efforts are more common than in the general population. Mutant Huntingtin is expressed throughout the organic structure and associated with abnormalcies in peripheral tissues that are straight caused by such look outside the encephalon. These abnormalcies includeA musculus wasting, A cardiac failure, A impaired glucose tolerance, A weight loss, A osteoporosisA andA testicular wasting. ] † ( 1 ) Diagnosis â€Å" [ AA neurologistA will interview the person intensively to obtain theA medical historyA and regulation outA other conditions. A tool used by doctors to name HD is to take the household history, sometimes called aA lineage or family tree. It is highly of import for household members to be blunt and true with a physician who is taking a household history. The physician will besides inquire about recent rational or emotional jobs, which may be indicants of HD, and will prove the individual ‘s hearing, oculus motions, strength, coordination, nonvoluntary motions ( chorea ) , A esthesis, physiological reactions, balance, motion, and mental position, and will likely order a figure ofA laboratoryA trials every bit good. Peoples with HD normally have damages in the manner the oculus follows or holes on a traveling mark. Abnormalities of oculus motions vary from individual to individual and differ, depending on theA stageA and continuance of the unwellness. ] † ( 2 ) We can besides utilize familial trial for the conformation of HD. Take blood sample of the patient, the trial analysis the Deoxyribonucleic acid for the HD mutant by numbering the figure of perennial CAG in the Huntington cistron. â€Å" [ Persons who do non hold HD normally have 28 or fewer CAG repetitions. Persons with HD normally have 40 or more repetitions. A little per centum of persons, nevertheless, have a figure of repetitions that fall within a marginal part ( see table below ) . ] † ( 2 ) No. of CAG repetitions Result & lt ; 28 Normal scope ; person will non develop HD 28 – 34 Individual will non develop HD ; but following coevals is at hazard 35 – 39 Some but non all ; persons at this scope will develop HD ; following coevals is besides at hazard & gt ; 40 Individual will develop HD Otherwise we can make CT scan and MRI which gives first-class images of the encephalon constructions. The patients with HD show shrinking in the some parts of the encephalon, peculiarly in caudate karyon and putamen and the expansion of fluid filled pits called ventricles. Sometimes a individual can hold early symptoms of HD and still hold normal CT scan. When there is household history and record of clinical symptoms, nevertheless, Ct can be an of import diagnostic tool. Another trial for encephalon imagination is positron emanation imaging ( PET ) which is of import in HD research attempts but non frequently needed for diagnosing.â€Å" [ Coronal FSPGR through the encephalon at the degree of the caudate karyon showing marked decreased volume in maintaining with the patient ‘s known diagnosing ofA Huntington Disease. ] † ( 1 )Treatment We can utilize antipsychotic drugs like Haldol or clonazepam, which may assist to forestall choreic motions and may besides assist to command hallucinations, psychotic beliefs, and violent effusions. But we can non give antipsychotic drugs for musculus contraction associated with HD known as dystonia, and it can decline the status doing rigidness and stiffness. These drugs should be given in the lowest possible doses because it may do terrible side effects including sedation. Fluoxetine, Zoloft, Pamelor can utilize for depression. We can utilize tranquillizers to command anxiousness and Li to battle pathological exhilaration and terrible temper swings. Most of the drugs that we are utilizing treat the symptoms of HD have side effects such as restlessness, weariness or hyperexitability. Some times its really hard to state if a peculiar symptoms such as apathy or incontinency is a mark of the disease or reaction to the medicine CASE STUDYA 40 twelvemonth old adult male complaining of rapid arrhythmic nonvoluntary motion affecting the upper limbs and lower limbs seen by his doctor. The status started about 6 months ago and acquiring increasingly worse. He said that he was highly disquieted about his wellness because his male parent had developed similar symptoms 20 old ages ago and had died in a mental establishment. His married woman told the doctor that he besides suffered from utmost depression and that she had noticed that he had periods of crossness and unprompted behaviour. The doctor made the diagnosing of Huntington ‘s chorea.From the above treatment about the subject Huntington ‘s disease we understood that it ‘s a neurodegenerative familial upset. Peoples born with faulty cistron but the symptoms wo n't demo till the in-between age. Early symptoms of Huntington ‘s disease may include uncontrolled motions, awkwardness or balance job. Subsequently on patient will develop other symptoms like he will lose the ability to walk, get down or speak and some behavioural jobs and some clip he wo n't be able to acknowledge his household members. In this instance the patient is 40 twelvemonth old and he is kicking about nonvoluntary motions and behavioural jobs. And his male parent besides had the same thing. From this all information we can govern out that it ‘s Huntington ‘s disease. REFERANCE â€Å" www.wikkipedia.com † â€Å" www.medicinenet.com †

Coraline a Wizard of Earthsea the Sense of Self Essay

If you see a wallet on the ground and discover there is an enormous amount of money in it, what would you do? Do you think you’d return it, or possibly keep the money for yourself? How would you feel about it emotionally afterward? For the sake of an argument let us say you would keep the money. How would you then feel if someone you hate also had the same circumstance happen to them? Would you feel like them keeping the money would further prove why you dislike that person? Did you not also keep the money yourself? In the book Psychoanalysis Terry Eagleton states that â€Å"Lacan permits us to explore the relations between the unconscious and human society†¦ the unconscious is not some kind of†¦ private region ‘inside’ us, but an effect of our relations with one another†(Eagleton 150). The unconscious is part of your â€Å"self† and can be negative or positive; the negative side that we produce is part of our ego. Ego is defined as â€Å"the complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† the ego is only one half of a whole and that whole is the â€Å"self† (Jung 139). Our ego is broken into three sections and the section most apparent in this case is the shadow. The reason why your peer keeping the money creates resentment in you is because of the shadow, it is a part of you that you keep in your unconscious, a part you don’t like and when it is revealed to you through someone else you exchange the inward hatred and replace it with outward disdain for the person that has committed the act. Self is best described as the combination of your conscious and unconscious becoming one in a balanced state. In Coraline by Neil Gaimen and A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin the shadow becomes a physical thing, an actual entity. The genre itself, fantasy, has its own identity crisis which further adds to the lack of self in the novels. This should not make these stories any less real, the premise of both stories, of battling the shadow and overcoming the lack of identity to find the self is still a very real thing as explained by J.R.R. Tolkien â€Å"fairystories deal largely†¦ with simple or fundamental things, untouched by fantasy, but these simplicities are made all the more luminous by their setting† (Tolkien 20). The self being fragmented by not knowing one’s unconscious is a recurring theme in both stories. The shadow becoming and entity in the stories further explains the concept of your conscious latching on to an outward vessel to express disdain for. The conscious and unconscious meld together to form one’s identity, the conscious mind uses one’s life experiences and natural behavior as an identifier while the unconscious mind creates the ego and the shadow, both of which create the idea of self. In order to gain an identity you much overcome and accept your shadow as part of you, then and only then will you truly discover your â€Å"self†. In Coraline a lonely and ignored little girl is an only child of two, negligent, parents. She has just moved into a new house and while exploring her new home she finds a door which sometimes, and progressively more while the story continues, leads her into an alternate world where her desire for excitement is fulfilled. While in this world the narrator states, â€Å"There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she’d never seen before†¦ this is more like it, thought Coraline† (Gaimen 30). This is Coraline’s conscious self, her excitement, her explorer, the one that doesn’t mind a new world, a girl who accept the oddities just so that she can discover all of them herself. This world was created by the other mother, a witch, who at this point has not revealed herself to Coraline as a soul consuming entity. Her brand new home put up an image of perfection that clouded her judgment. These illusions created by the other mother make it harder for Coraline to discover herself because she is only seeing what the other mother is allowing her to see through the filter of Coraline’s conscious. Jung states that â€Å"The more projections are thrust in between the subject and the environment [the other world in Coraline’s case], the harder it is for the ego to see through its illusions† (Jung 147). Because of this, Coraline’s newly found freedom into the other world is nothing more than an attempt by the other mother to keep her in the dark while thinking she is in control. This false sense of security doesn’t allow for Coraline to discover her own self. The main plot point of the story is the more Coraline realizes she’s being held back and the more she feels her sense of self coming to fruition the more the illusions put in front of her begin to dwindle until the world is revealed to her for what it really is. Although it is the other mother’s world and she created it, it is the fact that Coraline hasn’t come to terms with her shadow or better yet hasn’t been forced to face it that allows her to succumb to the illusion, â€Å"it is an unconscious factor [the shadow] which spins the illusions that veil [the] world† (Jung 147). As Jung states here, the shadow, and this other world that has been created is her unconscious being warped through the eyes of the other mother, and her warped vision is the veil that the world hides beneath. Coraline’s conscious mind is her adventurous side â€Å"her first two weeks in the house [were spent] exploring the garden and the grounds† this is the basis of the other world, a place full of wonder and excitement, a place full of adventure (Gaimen 6). The shadow that Coraline must face is her fear. Coraline’s conversation with her guardian, the cat, is about her confusion of bravery and being naive. Coraline thinks that she is very brave without knowing what bravery actually is. She tells the story of her father who gets stung by a nest of hornet’s and in the process discovers true bravery, which she embodies as her father going back for his glasses, â€Å"it wasn’t brave because he wasn’t scared†¦ going back again to get his glasses, then he knew the wasp were there, when he was really scared. That was brave†¦ when you’re scared and you still do it anyway, that’s brave† (Gaimen 58-59). Once she goes through this point the world shifts for her, she sees everything for its eerie similarities of the real world but with a malicious twist. The final proof of the discovery of self in Coraline is the fact that once everything is said and done she goes back to her life exactly the way it was. Her parents still pay no mind to her and her life is just as dull now as it was when the story started but her perspective changed. She is no longer oppressed by her status because she defeats the other mother and overcomes her shadow, becoming whole. She is complete, by learning, understanding, and overcoming her unconscious she finds her â€Å"self†. The beginning of her journey is much the same as Ged in A Wizard of Earthsea, looking for her self and being too naive to find it. Ged is a boy who discovers his divine talent for witchcraft at an early age. From the moment that he saves his village from being decimated by savages he was told that he would be a great and powerful wizard by one of the great wizards, Ogion, â€Å"I send you one who will be greatest of the wizards of Gont† (Le Guin 48). This creates Ged’s conscious self, which is a hero complex, thinking that he can do whatever he wishes without consequence. Ged although very powerful is very arrogant and prideful, in an attempt to impress a women he learns to summon a dark spirit from the dead that almost kills him. He once again out of anger and pride summons the spirit of the dead in a competition of strength with a boy, jasper, one year his senior. The shadow is shown to him in many forms, these forms are of his character flaws, â€Å"Like a clot of black shadow, quick and hideous†¦ it was like a black beast, the size of a young child† the young child reflecting back on him when he first revealed himself to the darkness, while the beast is Ged’s vengeful personality taking shape (Le Guin 85). The shadow was born out of Ged’s arrogance, pride and narcissism. He constantly becomes angry at himself for not being stronger and as he succumbs to his anger the shadow becomes stronger, â€Å"it rankled at his heart he should die, spitted on a Kargish lance, while still a boy†¦ raged at his weakness, for he knew his strength† (Le Guin 11). His fear and his constant flaws give the shadow its strength putting those he knows in danger and further hiding his self from him. As Ged tries to run away for the last time the shadow manages to kill Ged’s pet. This is the last straw for Ged and he, as Coraline did, discovers his unconscious, his identity and seeks out to defeat the shadow. He begins to chase the shadow and becomes stronger from it, facing his inner demons and overcoming his fear. Ged learns of the connection he has with the shadow in order to defeat it, â€Å"it wills to work evil through you. The power you had to call it gives it power over you: you are connected. It is the shadow of your arrogance, the shadow of your ignorance, the shadow you cast. Has a shadow a name† (Le Guin)? By being told this and through all the trials Ged faces he becomes humble and learns his way through the barriers he has put up on his darkness. Through the hunt Ged finally realizes what the shadow is and even though it has his misguided qualities it has brought out the good qualities in him. Ged finally spoke the shadows name and the shadow repeated it, Ged and the shadow became one and Ged became one with his unconscious and becomes aware of his self, â€Å"I am whole, I am free† (Le Guin). Coraline and Ged went through hardships in order to become one. Coraline learned true bravery and defeated her other mother and though her life did not change she accept herself and her life for what it was. Ged through his hardship lost his arrogance, his pride, his ignorance and actually physically became one with his shadow. Through the hunt of their shadow they found themselves. They stopped running away from who they always were and just embraced and learned to become what they were trying to run away from. Coraline’s ignorance and Ged’s pride were defeated by the hunt for their unconscious. Their true enemy was themselves and the only thing that could defeat that was their new found sense of â€Å"self†.

12 Angry Men and the Psychology of the Jury Room Essay

12 Angry Men and the Psychology of the Jury Room - Essay Example The 1957 film 12 Angry Men perfectly captures the tension of the jury room, where life-and-death decisions come down to not only careful deliberation, but inner prejudices, self-concerned personal priorities, and invective. Ultimately, the human ego plays just as important a role in the film’s outcome as the examination of evidence and witnesses in that cloistered room. The protagonist of the film, Juror #8, is â€Å"the only skeptical (and rational) man in the jury room† who â€Å"shines incorruptible† throughout the entirety of the movie (Verrone 96). Juror #8 is the lone standout at the beginning of the jury deliberations, which angers many of the other jurors who feel it is an open-and-shut case. But Juror #8 explains his hesitation: â€Å"It’s not easy to raise my hand and send a boy off to die without talking about it first† (12 Angry Men). Juror #8 represents caution and consideration in the jury room. The character does not demonstrate some of the same logical flaws as his fellow deliberators: he is depicted as lacking the prejudices, biases, and egotistical self-absorption that prevent the other jurors, at least initially, from considering all of the facts in the case. In an effort to open the other jurors’ minds to the possibility of the boy’s innocence, Juror #8 takes on an almost aggressive role in trying to sway several of the jurors, particularly Juror #3, â€Å"whom he goads and satirizes on occasion to try to show him his own potential for violence that subconsciously prejudices him against the youthful defendant† (Cunningham 115). Juror #3 plays the role of the main antagonist and seems to relish the idea of sending the boy to his death. Along with the virulently racist Juror #10, he represents the darker aspects of human behavior in that jury room, with a furious anger bubbling underneath the surface throughout most of the movie. Juror #3 fiercely maintains his verdict of â€Å"guiltyâ⠂¬  even in the face of the other jurors’ conviction that the boy is innocent. In a narcissistic appropriation of the case in his own mind, Juror #3 equates the boy on trial with his own estranged son—his prejudice is born from his relationship with the child who rejected him and the â€Å"barely suppressed violence† (116) that drives his behavior in the jury room. Ultimately, his belief in the boy’s guilt has little to do with the facts of the case. It is not until he feels—and accepts—the shame of his own failings as a father that Juror #3 is able to vote logically as opposed to emotionally and irrationally. Juror #8 â€Å"wins† in the end because he is able to subtly manipulate the other eleven men into looking at the case in a similarly logical manner. In this way, he is also the most Machiavellian character in the film, astutely manipulating the other characters into deliberation by observing their behavior carefully in the jury room. Juror #8 couches his decision in the language of negotiation, thus carefully avoiding an outright claim that he truly thinks the boy is innocent: â€Å"He explained that he voted ‘not guilty’ not because he is sure of the defendant's innocence, but because he wished to discuss the case objectively, without prejudging the defendant. This minimized the group’s antagonism and alienation† (Evirgen 181). Juror #8 employs his observational skills to determine each juror’s underlying bias and motivation, and then uses that knowledge to â€Å"marginalize †¦ his most vocal enemies†Ã¢â‚¬â€Jurors #3 and #10—and â€Å"shift †¦ the dependence of ‘in-the-middle’ jurors to himself† as opposed to them (181). He systematically destroys each man’s preconceived notions of the boy’

There should never be a strict liability element in a criminal law Essay

There should never be a strict liability element in a criminal law offence. There should never be punishment without fault. C - Essay Example Criminal liability is a stringent provision since the defendants are likely to be convicted even if they were truly unaware of one or the multiple factors that labelled their acts as criminal offense. The defendants therefore, may not be  culpable  or guilty, in actual sense, i.e. absence of criminal negligence, the minimum blameworthy status within  mens rea. Thus, one may argue that strict liability in a true sense is an inappropriate use of the criminal law which, owing to the grave implications that it have on a ‘wrongly’ convicted defendant, should be made permissible only for the regulating or governing serious crimes committed by the culpable miscreants. This article will critically examine various cases and analyse whether there should not be a strict liability element within a criminal law offence, and there should never be punishment without fault. Discussion What are strict liability laws and their applications: Strict liability laws enacted in the 19th century aimed at elevating the working conditions and establishing standard safety norms within factories. The necessity to ascertain mens reas against the factory owners was not easy which culminated in very few prosecutions. The strict liability offences were created so as to tackle the factory owners more effectively and to ensure that the rate of convictions increased. In the modern context, common strict liability offences today include the driving over the prescribed speed limit and selling of alcohol to underage persons. Although the contentious issue here pertains to the fact that a person’s state of mind with which he/she acts should be made extraneous to his/her criminal liability (as opposed to the notions of how to deal with a defendant should he be proven guilty) it however, does not represent the law. This aspect is particularly relevant in the case of ‘real crimes’ where defendants are generally not held as criminally liable, for their conduct, if they are innocent (Ashworth and Blake, 1997). In a large number of offences, however, a prosecuted may face convictions even though his behaviour was unintentional, was not aware, not reckless or negligent, as regards to a necessary element of the offence charged. In such cases, an individual is liable to face punishment though there may be a total lack or absence of any wrongdoing on his part, as per the elements in question, which come under strict liability laws (Lemon, 1979). The debate: These laws are applicable either in  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœregulatory offences’  that administer social behaviour, where the stigma associated with the convicted person is minimal. The laws are also applicable in cases where the society is concerned with the harm prevention and reduction, and wants to obtain high deterrent values for a certain offense. However, a closer look at the various cases will reveal that are chances that some of the imposition of strict liability may function unjustly in cer tain isolated cases. As for example, if we study the case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Storkwain  we will find that a pharmacist sold drugs to a patient who had produced a medical prescription that was a forged (Pharmaceutical Soc