Wednesday, November 6, 2019
History 600
History 600 History 600-1850 Essay Five Pillars of Islam ââ¬â core practices and beliefs of every Muslim. Found clear expression in the Quran. Undergirded Islamic practice and gave the imperial system a doctrinal and legal structure and broad appeal to diverse populations. Caliphate ââ¬â political institution of the early Islamic state. Signified both the political and spiritual head of the Islamic community. Rose as the successor to Muhammadââ¬â¢s leadership. Muhammad ââ¬â former trader. Went to Mecca where God gave him revelations. Preachings ad messages from God became central to Islamic faith. Quran ââ¬â 114 chapters (suras). Word of God that flowed through Muhammad. Teachings/foundational text of Islam. Sharia ââ¬â Islamic law. Crucial foundation of Islam. Covers all legal aspects of practical and spiritual life including legal principles for marriage contracts, trade regulations, prayer, pilgrimage rites, and ritual fasting. Reflects work of generations of religious scholars rather than soldiers/bureaucrats/courtiers. Shiites ââ¬â ââ¬Å"members of the party of Aliâ⬠. Dissidents of Sunni. Felt Ali should have been proper successors. Believed his descendants (imams) have religious and prophetic power and political authority. Caliph ââ¬â Empress Wu ââ¬â only female ruler in Chinese history. exploited the examination system to check the power of aristocratic families. Consolidated courtly authority by creating groups of loyal bureaucrats. Challenged Confucian beliefs that subordinated women. Eunuchs ââ¬â castrated males who protected the royal family. Wielded much court power in Baghdad and Tang Empire. Worked alongside official bureaucracy and imperial court. Eunuch bureaucracy mediated between the emperor and provincial governments. Silla ââ¬â one of the ââ¬Å"Three Kingdomsâ⬠in Korea. Gained control over the entire peninsula and unified it. Dispatched annual embassies to the Chinese capital, regularly sent students and monks ââ â literary Chinese became the written language of Korean elites, not vernacular. Prince Shotoku ââ¬â introduced Buddhism to Japan. Promoted both Buddhism and Confucianism, which led Japan (like China) to be accommodating to numerous religions. Shinto ââ¬â native religious culture of Japan. Prince Shotoku was credited for introducing the above faiths to them. Charlemagne ââ¬â king of the Franks in northern Europe. Controlled much of western Europe. Ruled for 40 years. Often travelled 2,000 miles a year on campaigns of plunder and conquest. Heir to Rome. Karim ââ¬â loose confederations of shippers banding together to protect conveys. Armed convoys of ships escorted commercial fleets in this system. Aided in trade and made shipping less dangerous. Genghis Khan ââ¬â Mongol waunched series of conquests southward across Great Wall of China. Ultimately built a permanent empire by incorporating peoples and some of their ways. Now, Afro-Eurasia regions were connected by land and sea. Jacquerie ââ¬â 1358 French revolt. Peasantry that went on killing rampage of nobles and clergy. Insisted that they should no longer be tied to the land or have to pay for the tools they used in farming. Sufism ââ¬â highly mystical and communal
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